scholarly journals Contribution of Root Hair Development to Sulfate Uptake in Arabidopsis

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimura ◽  
Ushiwatari ◽  
Suyama ◽  
Tominaga-Wada ◽  
Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Sulfate Uptake ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Lower Expression

Root hairs often contribute to nutrient uptake from environments, but the contribution varies among nutrients. In Arabidopsis, two high-affinity sulfate transporters, SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2, are responsible for sulfate uptake by roots. Their increased expression under sulfur deficiency (−S) stimulates sulfate uptake. Inspired by the higher and lower expression, respectively, of SULTR1;1 in mutants with more (werwolf [wer]) and fewer (caprice [cpc]) root hairs, we examined the contribution of root hairs to sulfate uptake. Sulfate uptake rates were similar among plant lines under both sulfur sufficiency (+S) and −S. Under −S, the expression of SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 was negatively correlated with the number of root hairs. These results suggest that both −S-induced SULTR expression and sulfate uptake rates were independent of the number of root hairs. In addition, we observed (1) a negative correlation between primary root lengths and number of root hairs and (2) a greater number of root hairs under −S than under +S. These observations suggested that under both +S and −S, sulfate uptake was influenced by the root biomass rather than the number of root hairs.

scholarly journals 3,4-dehydro-L-proline Induces Programmed Cell Death in the Roots of Brachypodium distachyon

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7548
Author(s):  
Artur Pinski ◽  
Alexander Betekhtin ◽  
Jolanta Kwasniewska ◽  
Lukasz Chajec ◽  
Elzbieta Wolny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Root Epidermis ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hair Development

As cell wall proteins, the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) take part in plant growth and various developmental processes. To fulfil their functions, HRGPs, extensins (EXTs) in particular, undergo the hydroxylation of proline by the prolyl-4-hydroxylases. The activity of these enzymes can be inhibited with 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), which enables its application to reveal the functions of the HRGPs. Thus, to study the involvement of HRGPs in the development of root hairs and roots, we treated seedlings of Brachypodium distachyon with 250 µM, 500 µM, and 750 µM of 3,4-DHP. The histological observations showed that the root epidermis cells and the cortex cells beneath them ruptured. The immunostaining experiments using the JIM20 antibody, which recognizes the EXT epitopes, demonstrated the higher abundance of this epitope in the control compared to the treated samples. The transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed morphological and ultrastructural features that are typical for the vacuolar-type of cell death. Using the TUNEL test (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling), we showed an increase in the number of nuclei with damaged DNA in the roots that had been treated with 3,4-DHP compared to the control. Finally, an analysis of two metacaspases’ gene activity revealed an increase in their expression in the treated roots. Altogether, our results show that inhibiting the prolyl-4-hydroxylases with 3,4-DHP results in a vacuolar-type of cell death in roots, thereby highlighting the important role of HRGPs in root hair development and root growth.

scholarly journals Root hair specification and its growth in response to nutrients

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 12258
Author(s):  
Xian HUANG ◽  
Tianzhi GONG ◽  
Mei LI ◽  
Cenghong HU ◽  
Dejian ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Calcium Iron

Plant root hairs are cylindrical tubular projections from root epidermal cells. They increase the root surface area, which is important for the acquisition of water and nutrients, microbe interactions, and plant anchorage. The root hair specification, the effect of root hairs on nutrient acquisition and the mechanisms of nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) that affect root hair development and growth were reviewed. The gene regulatory network on root hair specification in the plant kingdom was highlighted. More work is needed to clone the genes of additional root hair mutants and elucidate their roles, as well as undertaking reverse genetics and mutant complementation studies to add to the current knowledge of the signaling networks, which are involved in root hair development and growth regulated by nutrients.

scholarly journals Root hairs are the most important root trait for rhizosheath formation of barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) and Lotus japonicus (Gifu)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Burak ◽  
John N Quinton ◽  
Ian C Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Hair Development

Abstract Background and Aims Rhizosheaths are defined as the soil adhering to the root system after it is extracted from the ground. Root hairs and mucilage (root exudates) are key root traits involved in rhizosheath formation, but to better understand the mechanisms involved their relative contributions should be distinguished. Methods The ability of three species [barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) and Lotus japonicus (Gifu)] to form a rhizosheath in a sandy loam soil was compared with that of their root-hairless mutants [bald root barley (brb), maize root hairless 3 (rth3) and root hairless 1 (Ljrhl1)]. Root hair traits (length and density) of wild-type (WT) barley and maize were compared along with exudate adhesiveness of both barley and maize genotypes. Furthermore, root hair traits and exudate adhesiveness from different root types (axile versus lateral) were compared within the cereal species. Key Results Per unit root length, rhizosheath size diminished in the order of barley > L. japonicus > maize in WT plants. Root hairs significantly increased rhizosheath formation of all species (3.9-, 3.2- and 1.8-fold for barley, L. japonicus and maize, respectively) but there was no consistent genotypic effect on exudate adhesiveness in the cereals. While brb exudates were more and rth3 exudates were less adhesive than their respective WTs, maize rth3 bound more soil than barley brb. Although both maize genotypes produced significantly more adhesive exudate than the barley genotypes, root hair development of WT barley was more extensive than that of WT maize. Thus, the greater density of longer root hairs in WT barley bound more soil than WT maize. Root type did not seem to affect rhizosheath formation, unless these types differed in root length. Conclusions When root hairs were present, greater root hair development better facilitated rhizosheath formation than root exudate adhesiveness. However, when root hairs were absent root exudate adhesiveness was a more dominant trait.

EIN3 and RSL4 interfere with an MYB–bHLH–WD40 complex to mediate ethylene-induced ectopic root hair formation in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2110004118
Author(s):  
Yuping Qiu ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Zhina Xiao ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Root Hair Formation ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Transcriptional Complex ◽  
Hair Formation

The alternating cell specifications of root epidermis to form hair cells or nonhair cells in Arabidopsis are determined by the expression level of GL2, which is activated by an MYB–bHLH–WD40 (WER–GL3–TTG1) transcriptional complex. The phytohormone ethylene (ET) has a unique effect of inducing N-position epidermal cells to form root hairs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ET-induced ectopic root hair development remain enigmatic. Here, we show that ET promotes ectopic root hair formation through down-regulation of GL2 expression. ET-activated transcription factors EIN3 and its homolog EIL1 mediate this regulation. Molecular and biochemical analyses further revealed that EIN3 physically interacts with TTG1 and interferes with the interaction between TTG1 and GL3, resulting in reduced activation of GL2 by the WER–GL3–TTG1 complex. Furthermore, we found through genetic analysis that the master regulator of root hair elongation, RSL4, which is directly activated by EIN3, also participates in ET-induced ectopic root hair development. RSL4 negatively regulates the expression of GL2, likely through a mechanism similar to that of EIN3. Therefore, our work reveals that EIN3 may inhibit gene expression by affecting the formation of transcription-activating protein complexes and suggests an unexpected mutual inhibition between the hair elongation factor, RSL4, and the hair specification factor, GL2. Overall, this study provides a molecular framework for the integration of ET signaling and intrinsic root hair development pathway in modulating root epidermal cell specification.

scholarly journals The karrikin signaling regulator SMAX1 controlsLotus japonicusroot and root hair development by suppressing ethylene biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (35) ◽  
pp. 21757-21765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Carbonnel ◽  
Debatosh Das ◽  
Kartikye Varshney ◽  
Markus C. Kolodziej ◽  
José A. Villaécija-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Developmental Responses

An evolutionarily ancient plant hormone receptor complex comprising the α/β-fold hydrolase receptor KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) and the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) mediates a range of developmental responses to smoke-derived butenolides called karrikins (KARs) and to yet elusive endogenous KAI2 ligands (KLs). Degradation of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1) after ligand perception is considered to be a key step in KAR/KL signaling. However, molecular events which regulate plant development downstream of SMAX1 removal have not been identified. Here we show thatLotus japonicusSMAX1 is specifically degraded in the presence of KAI2 and MAX2 and plays an important role in regulating root and root hair development.smax1mutants display very short primary roots and elongated root hairs. Their root transcriptome reveals elevated ethylene responses and expression ofACC Synthase 7(ACS7), which encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis.smax1mutants release increased amounts of ethylene and their root phenotype is rescued by treatment with ethylene biosynthesis and signaling inhibitors. KAR treatment inducesACS7expression in a KAI2-dependent manner and root developmental responses to KAR treatment depend on ethylene signaling. Furthermore, inArabidopsis, KAR-induced root hair elongation depends onACS7. Thus, we reveal a connection between KAR/KL and ethylene signaling in which the KAR/KL signaling module (KAI2–MAX2–SMAX1) regulates the biosynthesis of ethylene to fine-tune root and root hair development, which are important for seedling establishment at the beginning of the plant life cycle.

Anatomical analysis of the development and distribution of Rhizobium infections in soybean roots

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2375-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry E. Calvert ◽  
Mark K. Pence ◽  
Margaret Pierce ◽  
Nasir S. A. Malik ◽  
Wolfgang D. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Developmental Scale ◽  
Thread Formation ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Hair Development

Roots of young soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum Kirchner USDA 110 ARS were examined in serial sections by light microscopy to ascertain the extent of infection. The location of each infection site was established in relation to the zones of root and root hair development at the time of inoculation. Each infection locus was classified as to its relative state of differentiation using a developmental scale encompassing the first 10 days of nodule development. Both the initiation and maturation of Rhizobium infections were found to be governed by the acropetal development of host root hairs. Regions of the root where mature root hairs were present at the time of inoculation were not susceptible to Rhizobium infection. Infections developed most frequently in root hairs which emerged shortly after inoculation. Many infections formed on the root but relatively few developed into nodules. Most infection loci which formed infection threads stopped developing at stages prior to meristem formation. A high proportion of the infection loci were pseudoinfections, i.e., localized areas of cortical cell division without infection thread formation. The maturation of infections in younger regions of the root was suppressed by prior exposure of older regions of the root to rhizobia. Development was suppressed at stages after meristem formation but before nodule emergence.

scholarly journals Lipochito-Oligosaccharide Nodulation Factors Stimulate Cytoplasmic Polarity with Longitudinal Endoplasmic Reticulum and Vesicles at the Tip in Vetch Root Hairs

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1385-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah D. Miller ◽  
Hetty B. Leferink-ten Klooster ◽  
Anne Mie C. Emons
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Nodulation Factors ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Nodulation Factor

Vetch root hair development has four stages: bulge, growing, growth terminating, and full-grown hair. In the assay we used, the nodulation factor induced swellings and outgrowths in growth-terminating hairs. Bulges, swellings, and full-grown hairs have transverse endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and no tip-accumulated vesicles. Growing hairs and outgrowths show vesicle accumulation in the tip and longitudinal subapical ER. Bulge walls and walls of swellings appear mottled.

scholarly journals Hormonal regulation of root hair growth and responses to the environment in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 2412-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Vissenberg ◽  
Naomi Claeijs ◽  
Daria Balcerowicz ◽  
Sébastjen Schoenaers
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Heterogeneous Soil ◽  
Root Hair Growth ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Signalling Cascade

Abstract The main functions of plant roots are water and nutrient uptake, soil anchorage, and interaction with soil-living biota. Root hairs, single cell tubular extensions of root epidermal cells, facilitate or enhance these functions by drastically enlarging the absorptive surface. Root hair development is constantly adapted to changes in the root’s surroundings, allowing for optimization of root functionality in heterogeneous soil environments. The underlying molecular pathway is the result of a complex interplay between position-dependent signalling and feedback loops. Phytohormone signalling interconnects this root hair signalling cascade with biotic and abiotic changes in the rhizosphere, enabling dynamic hormone-driven changes in root hair growth, density, length, and morphology. This review critically discusses the influence of the major plant hormones on root hair development, and how changes in rhizosphere properties impact on the latter.

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