Abamectin Efficacy on the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida

The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a major pest of the potato crop. Abamectin is a biological pesticide showing high nematicide activity, but its efficacy to control G. pallida has not been investigated to date. In this study, combination of different abamectin concentrations ranging from 1.125 to 36 µg/mL x exposure times from 24 to 384 h were tested on the nematode in a hatching test. Abamectin induced mortality with LD50 value in the range of 13.23 (after 24 h) to 2.90 µg/mL (after 384 h). A glasshouse experiment was also performed in pots filled with soil infected with G. pallida in the presence of sprouted potato tubers cultivar “Spunta”. Abamectin at 4.5, 9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 µg/mL was used in comparison with nematicide fosthiazate. The doses of 18 and 36 µg/mL significantly reduced number of eggs, juveniles, cyst/g soil and reproduction rate in comparison to both untreated control and fosthiazate treatment. Soil applications of abamectin provided significant G. pallida control with LD50 and LD99.9 of 14.4 and 131.3 µg/mL, respectively. These results indicate the efficacy of abamectin to control G. pallida on potato crops and its potential use in organic agriculture or in an integrated pest management program.

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An investigation of resistance to the white potato cyst-nematode

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600030094 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 325-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M. F. B. Dale ◽

M. S. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Major Gene ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Inheritance Of Resistance ◽

White Potato

SUMMARYThe inheritance of resistance to Globodera pallida was studied in seedling progenies derived from Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 2802 (H3) and S. vernei and compared with resistance to G. rostochiensis derived from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 1673(H1). The resistance of CPC 2802 was originally thought to be due to a major gene (H3), but results presented here demonstrate that it and that derived from S. vernei are inherited in a similar manner quite distinct from the major gene inheritance from CPC 1673 (HI). It is concluded that the resistances derived from CPC 2802 and S. vernei are both polygenic in nature. These findings are discussed in relation to breeding policy and screening methods.

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The ability of rhizosphere bacteria isolated from nematode host and non-host plants to influence the hatch in vitro of the two potato cyst nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida

Nematology ◽

10.1163/1568541042360528 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 375-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

N. Aileen Ryan ◽

Peter Jones

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Host Plant ◽

Host Plants ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Bacillus Spp

AbstractSeventy bacteria, isolated from the rhizosphere of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) host plant, potato, were cultured in the presence and absence of potato root leachate (PRL) and the resultant culture filtrates were analysed for their ability to affect the hatch in vitro of the two PCN species. Of the isolates tested, nine had a significant effect on PCN hatch. Six affected Globodera pallida hatch and three affected G. rostochiensis hatch. Five of the isolates significantly increased hatch only when cultured in the presence of PRL. Three of the isolates decreased PCN hatch significantly in PRL. Only one isolate increased hatch significantly in the absence of PRL. No isolate affected the hatch of both species. Six of the nine isolates that significantly affected PCN hatch had been pre-selected by culturing on PRL. Bacterial isolates from PCN non-hosts (14 from wheat, 17 from sugar beet) were also tested for hatching activity. The principal effect of the hatch-active isolates from the PCN non-host plants was to increase PCN hatch in the presence of PRL. In contrast to the host bacteria results, the isolates from non-host plants affected only G. rostochiensis hatch (three wheat isolates and four sugar beet isolates significantly increased G. rostochiensis hatch); no such isolate affected G. pallida hatch significantly in the presence of PRL. Ten isolates (32%) from non-host plants had the ability to increase significantly the hatch of PCN in the absence of PRL (eight of these affected G. rostochiensis hatch and four affected G. pallida hatch), compared to only one bacterial isolate (1%) from a host plant. The majority of the isolates from non-hosts produced PCN species-specific effects, as with the bacteria isolated from potatoes, although two wheat isolates increased the hatch of both species significantly in the absence of PRL. Of 20 hatch-active bacterial isolates (from all three plants) identified, 70% were Bacillus spp. Other genera identified were Arthrobacter , Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus .

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Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode).

10.1079/cpc.27034.20210102986 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Janet Rowe

Keyword(s):

Potato Crop ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Winter Storms ◽

Cyst Form ◽

The Andes ◽

Run Off ◽

Top Soil ◽

Irrigation Channels ◽

Andes Region

Abstract G. rostochiensis is a world wide pest of temperate areas, including both temperate countries and temperate regions of tropical countries, for example India's Nigrilis region. Distribution is linked to that of the potato crop. Potato cyst nematode is considered to have originated from the Andes region of South America, from where it spread to Europe with potatoes. The ease with which it has been transported across continents proves what a resilient pest it is. The cyst form which adheres to host roots, stolons and tubers and to soil particles during transportation gives rise to new infestations where climate and food source are both available and favourable. Secondary means of dispersal is through the movement of contaminated farm machinery, farming implements and contaminated footwear. Cysts are also successfully spread by wind dispersal, during winter storms or sand storms where top soil is redistributed. Rain which causes flooding and water to run off fields into trenches or irrigation channels also redistributes cysts into adjoining areas.

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The Genomic Impact of Selection for Virulence against Resistance in the Potato Cyst Nematode, Globodera pallida

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11121429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1429

Author(s):

Kyriakos Varypatakis ◽

Pierre-Yves Véronneau ◽

Peter Thorpe ◽

Peter J. A. Cock ◽

Joanne Tze-Yin Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Industry ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Genomic Islands ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Management Approach ◽

Resistance Sources ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Avr Genes

Although the use of natural resistance is the most effective management approach against the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida, the existence of pathotypes with different virulence characteristics constitutes a constraint towards this goal. Two resistance sources, GpaV (from Solanum vernei) and H3 from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC2802 (from the Commonwealth Potato Collection) are widely used in potato breeding programmes in European potato industry. However, the use of resistant cultivars may drive strong selection towards virulence, which allows the increase in frequency of virulent alleles in the population and therefore, the emergence of highly virulent nematode lineages. This study aimed to identify Avirulence (Avr) genes in G. pallida populations selected for virulence on the above resistance sources, and the genomic impact of selection processes on the nematode. The selection drive in the populations was found to be specific to their genetic background. At the genomic level, 11 genes were found that represent candidate Avr genes. Most of the variant calls determining selection were associated with H3-selected populations, while many of them seem to be organised in genomic islands facilitating selection evolution. These phenotypic and genomic findings combined with histological studies performed revealed potential mechanisms underlying selection in G. pallida.

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Studies On an Artificially Fragmented Population of Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera Pallida

Nematologica ◽

10.1163/005725998x00069 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 655-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B.E. Harrower ◽

A. Ploeg ◽

V.C. Blok ◽

M.S. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Fragmented Population

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Isolation, formulation and antagonistic activity of rhizobacteria toward the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0038-0717(92)90075-9 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 521-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

J. Racke ◽

R.A. Sikora

Keyword(s):

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida

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First Report of the Pale Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-13-0739-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 575-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Nježić ◽

B. Gerič Stare ◽

S. Širca ◽

N. Grujić

Keyword(s):

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Potato Production ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Potato Cyst Nematode ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Seed Potatoes ◽

Infested Field

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), the golden cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Bahrens, and the pale potato cyst nematode G. pallida (Stone) stand out by their remarkable and efficient parasitic adaptations causing high economic losses in potato production worldwide. They are A2 quarantine pests in EPPO countries as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Up to now, only G. rostochiensis was reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 (1). A systematic survey on the presence of PCN on entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina started in 2011. During the PCN survey, each year 120 soil samples of 1.5 liters were collected in the Republic of Srpska, one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The samples were collected by soil auger 10 cm in length with a diameter of 1.5 cm consisting of 100 cores. Entire samples were processed by Seinhorst elutriator (4). In autumn of 2012, PCN viable cysts were found in two soil samples originating from one field. From one sample, 12 cysts were extracted, and 2 from another sample. The morphology of cysts and second stage juveniles and molecular analysis established the identity of this species as pale cyst nematode G. pallida (3). In addition, the sequencing of the ribosomal DNA region revealed unequivocal similarity to G. pallida (GenBank Accession No. HF968449), while PCR-RFLP analysis (2) showed European type of G. pallida. The infested field is located in Rogatica, 70 km east of Sarajevo, which is one of the main seed and potato production areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The field history revealed that farm-propagated, farm-saved seed potatoes could spread the nematodes to other fields as well. Therefore, 26 additional samples were taken from the fields that belong to the infested field owner and the surrounding fields, but no cysts were found in additional samples. To determine infestation focus and its size, the infested field (1.1 ha) was divided into 46 plots (25 × 10 m) and resampled by taking samples of 60 cores per plot. The detailed sampling of the field revealed a high infestation of 1 cyst per gram of soil in the infestation focus. The high infestation level and the propagation of farm-own seed potatoes suggest that the introduction of G. pallida might have occurred several years ago, probably with imported seed potatoes. The infested field was subjected to the phytosanitary measure of banning potato production for a period of 6 years with the possibility of its prolongation, if cysts with live content are found afterward. It is expected that the nematode is present in other fields due to the farmer's practices of propagating farm-saved seed potatoes and deficient field machinery hygiene. Therefore, the whole area will be intensively monitored for the presence of PCN in the future. An adequate pest management plan will be prepared after PCN pathotype identification. To our knowledge, only one field was found infested with G. pallida during the 3-year PCN survey in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Strict phytosanitary measures for preventing further PCN introductions and spreading should be intensified. References: (1) I. Ostojić et al. Plant Dis. 95:883, 2011. (2) S. Širca et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 49:361, 2010. (3) A. M. Skantar et al. J. Nematol. 39:133, 2007. (4) J. van Bezooijen. Methods and Techniques for Nematology, Wageningen University, 2006.

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