scholarly journals Addressing Manufacturability and Processability in Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Li/Na Batteries

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2093
Author(s):  
Víctor Gregorio ◽  
Nuria García ◽  
Pilar Tiemblo
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Composite Gels ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Up Scaling

Gel electrolytes are prepared with Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylene oxide (PEO) in a concentration ranging from 5 to 30 wt.% and Li- and Na-doped 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (PYR14-TFSI) by a simple procedure consisting of dissolving PEO by melting it directly in the liquid electrolyte while stirring the blend. This procedure is fast, reproducible and needs no auxiliary solvents, which makes it sustainable and potentially easy to scale up for mass production. The viability of the up-scaling by extrusion has been studied. Extrusion has been chosen because it is a processing method commonly employed in the plastics industry. The structure and morphology of the gel electrolytes prepared by both methods have been studied by DSC and FTIR, showing small differences among the two methods. Composite gels incorporation high concentrations of surface modified sepiolite fibers have been successfully prepared by extrusion. The rheological behavior and ionic conductivity of the gels have been characterized, and very similar performance of the extruded and manually mixed gels is detected. Ionic conductivity of all the gels, including the composites, are at or over 0.4 mS cm−1 at 25 °C, being at the same time thermoreversible and self-healing gels, tough, sticky, transparent and stretchable. This combination of properties, together with the viability of their industrial up-scaling, makes these gel electrolyte families very attractive for their application in energy storage devices.

scholarly journals Tough Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Aluminum Secondary Batteries Based on Urea: AlCl3, Prepared by a New Solvent-Free and Scalable Procedure

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1336
Author(s):  
Álvaro Miguel ◽  
Nuria García ◽  
Víctor Gregorio ◽  
Ana López-Cudero ◽  
Pilar Tiemblo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Polymer Gels ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Polymer Gel Electrolytes

Polymer gel electrolytes have been prepared with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the deep eutectic mixture of AlCl3: urea (uralumina), a liquid electrolyte which has proved to be an excellent medium for the electrodeposition of aluminum. The polymer gel electrolytes are prepared by mixing PEO in the liquid electrolyte at T > 65 °C, which is the melting point of PEO. This procedure takes a few minutes and requires no subsequent evaporation steps, being a solvent-free, and hence more sustainable procedure as compared to solvent-mediated ones. The absence of auxiliary solvents and evaporation steps makes their preparation highly reproducible and easy to scale up. PEO of increasing molecular weight (Mw = 1 × 105, 9 × 105, 50 × 105 and 80 × 105 g mol−1), including an ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polymer, has been used. Because of the strong interactions between the UHMW PEO and uralumina, self-standing gels can be produced with as little as 2.5 wt% PEO. These self-standing polymer gels maintain the ability to electrodeposit and strip aluminum, and are seen to retain a significant fraction of the current provided by the liquid electrolyte. Their gels’ rheology and electrochemistry are stable for months, if kept under inert atmosphere, and their sensitivity to humidity is significantly lower than that of liquid uralumina, improving their stability in the event of accidental exposure to air, and hence, their safety. These polymer gels are tough and thermoplastic, which enable their processing and molding into different shapes, and their recyclability and reprocessability. Their thermoplasticity also allows the preparation of concentrated batches (masterbatch) for a posteriori dilution or additive addition. They are elastomeric (rubbery) and very sticky, which make them very robust, easy to manipulate and self-healing.

Physical Properties of Substituted Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids Gel Electrolytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Sutto ◽  
Hugh C. De Long ◽  
Paul C. Trulove
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Composite Gels ◽  
Gel Electrolytes

The physical properties of solid gel electrolytes of either polyvinylidene diflurohexafluoropropylene or a combination of polyvinylidene hexafluoropropylene and polyacrylic acid, and the molten salts 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and the new molten salts 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate were characterized by temperature dependent ionic conductivity measurements for both the pure molten salt and of the molten salt with 0.5 M Li+ present. Ionic conductivity data indicate that for each of the molten salts, the highest concentration of molten salt allowable in a single component polymer gel was 85%, while gels composed of 90%molten salt were possible when using both polyvinylidene hexafluorophosphate and polyacrylic acid. For polymer gel composites prepared using lithium containing ionic liquids, the optimum polymer gel composite consisted of 85% of the 0.5 M Li+/ionic liquid, 12.75% polyvinylidene hexafluoropropylene, and 2.25% poly (1-carboxyethylene). The highest ionic conductivity observed was for the gel containing 90%1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 9.08 mS/cm. For the lithium containing ionic liquid gels, their ionic conductivity ranged from 1.45 to 0.05 mS/cm, which is comparable to the value of 0.91 mS/cm, observed for polymer composite gels containing 0.5 M LiBF4 in propylene carbonate.

Gel Electrolyte Based Supercapacitors with Higher Capacitances and Lower Resistances than Devices with a Liquid Electrolyte

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (22) ◽  
pp. 1261-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belqasem Aljafari ◽  
Arash Takshi
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Electrolytes ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Gel Electrolyte ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Further Development

ABSTRACTRecently, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have been drawn noteworthy attention for different applications, specifically, for supercapacitors. GPEs could become an excellent substitute to liquid electrolytes (LEs) for making flexible and more durable devices. The performance of two different electrolytes (GPEs and LEs) in multi-wall carbon nanotube based supercapacitors were investigated. In spite of significantly lower conductivity of GPEs than LEs, devices with the gel electrolyte presented a superior performance. More focused has been given in this work on demonstrating the performance of supercapacitors based on GPEs and LEs at different concentrations of the acids ranging from 1M to 3M. Both electrolytes have been characterized at room temperature by making supercapacitors and using cyclic voltammetry, charging-discharging, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and leakage tests. The experimental results showed that GPE devices had much better capacitances and resistances compare to the LE based devices. Moreover, the capacitances of all devices were increased proportionally with the increase in the concentration from 1M to 3M, and the resistances were increased inversely with the decreased of concentration. The promising results from the gel electrolytes is encouraging for further development of flexible and high capacitance energy storage devices.

Ionic Conductivity Studies on Magnesium-Based Cellulose Acetate Polymer Gel Electrolytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Aniza Omar ◽  
Siti Zafirah Zainal Abidin ◽  
Ainnur Sherene Kamisan ◽  
Siti Irma Yuana Saaid ◽  
Ab Malik Marwan Afi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Polymer Gel Electrolyte ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Polymer Gel Electrolytes

Magnesium-based polymer gel electrolytes consist of magnesium triflate (MgTf) salt, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvents as well as cellulose acetate as a polymeric agent were prepared via direct dissolution method. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for MgTf-EC:DEC(1: 1) liquid electrolytes was 2. 66 x 10-3 S cm·1 and enhanced to 2.73 x 10-3 S cm·1 with the addition of cellulose acetate. These results were in agreement with the activation energy obtained with the lowest value of 0.11. The best explanation on the enhancement in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the "breathing polymeric chain model". The plots of conductivity-temperature were shown to obey an Arhenius rule. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity were analyzed using electrical permittivity-based frequency and temperature dependence in the range of JOO Hz-1 MHz and 303-373K, respectively. The variation in dielectric permittivity (e, and e) as a function of frequency at different temperatures exhibited decays at higher frequencies and a dispersive behavior at low frequencies. Based on the observed electrical properties, it can be inferred that this polymer gel electrolyte could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices. 

Ionic Conductivity Studies on Magnesium-Based Cellulose Acetate Polymer Gel Electrolytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Aniza Omar ◽  
Siti Zafirah Zainal Abidin ◽  
Ainnur Sherene Kamisan ◽  
Siti Irma Yuana Sheikh Mohd Saaid ◽  
Ab Malik Marwan Afi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Polymer Gel Electrolyte ◽  
Gel Electrolytes ◽  
Polymer Gel Electrolytes

Magnesium-based polymer gel electrolytes consist of magnesium triflate (MgTf) salt, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvents as well as cellulose acetate as a polymeric agent were prepared via direct dissolution method. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for MgTf-EC:DEC(1: 1) liquid electrolytes was 2.66 x 10-3 S cm-1 and enhanced to 2.73 x 10-3 S cm-1 with the addition of cellulose acetate. These results were in agreement with the activation energy obtained with the lowest value of 0.11. The best explanation on the enhancement in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the "breathing polymeric chain model". The plots of conductivity-temperature were shown to obey an Arrhenius rule. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity were analyzed using electrical permittivity-based frequency and temperature dependence in the range of 100 Hz-1 MHz and 303-373K, respectively. The variation in dielectric permittivity (er and ei) as a function of frequency at different temperatures exhibited decays at higher frequencies and a dispersive behavior at low frequencies. Based on the observed electrical properties, it can be infe"ed that this polymer gel electrolyte could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices.

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