scholarly journals Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel from Biomass Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Calcium Chloride as Crosslinking Agent

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4056
Author(s):  
Nur Fattima’ Al-Zahara’ Tuan Mohamood ◽  
Abdul Hakam Abdul Halim ◽  
Norhazlin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Ft Ir

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is modified cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass waste that has been prepared through etherification using sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. In this research, CMC hydrogel was prepared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the chemical crosslinker. Throughout the optimization process, four important parameters were studied, which were: (1) CMC concentration, (2) CaCl2 concentration, (3) reaction time, and (4) reaction temperature. From the results, the best gel content obtained was 28.11% at 20% (w/v) of CMC with 1% (w/v) of CaCl2 in 24 h reaction at room temperature. Meanwhile, the degree of swelling for CMC hydrogel was 47.34 g/g. All samples were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and FESEM to study and compare modification on the OPEFB cellulose. The FT-IR spectrum of CMC hydrogel showed a shift of COO− peaks at 1585 cm−1 and 1413 cm−1, indicating the substitution of Ca2+ into the CMC molecular chains. The XRD diffractogram of CMC hydrogel showed no observation of sharp peaks, which signified an amorphous hydrogel phase. The CrI value also proved the decrement of the crystalline nature of CMC hydrogel. TGA–DTG thermograms showed that the Tmax of CMC hydrogel at 293.33 °C is slightly better in thermal stability compared to CMC. Meanwhile, the FESEM micrograph of CMC hydrogel showed interconnected pores indicating the crosslinkages in CMC hydrogel. CMC hydrogel was successfully synthesized using CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent, and its swelling ability can be used in various applications such as drug delivery systems, industrial effluent, food additives, heavy metal removal, and many more.

scholarly journals Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Zubaidah ◽  
Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo ◽  
Januard Kristian Sihombing ◽  
Elis Nina Herliyana ◽  
Saptadi Darmawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Nanoparticles ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

Abstract In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were employed. This study shows that both the activated and the non-activated CNPs were in the form of well-dispersed and aggregated particles. As analyzed using SEM, the external surfaces of the non-activated CNPs were determined to be irregular, while those of the activated CNPs had a more circular shape without aggregation. Carbon was the most dominant element observed in these CNPs, and the occurrence of its activation process altered the chemical functional groups of the non-activated CNPs by shifting their wavenumbers and intensities. Additionally, the activation process increased the crystallinity domain in the activated CNPs. OPEFB fibers could be valorized to obtain both activated and non-activated CNPs that had the potential efficiency to remove heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) at certain times. Based on the analysis of the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the activated and non-activated CNPs were found to have shown favorable adsorption to Cu, Pb, and Fe, with a percentage of heavy metal removal of over 84%. The adsorption of heavy metals was carried out via a chemical process.

Removal of Pb(II) ions using Chitosan oligosaccharide/carboxymethyl cellulose/kaolin clay blend

YMER Digital ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 388-402
Author(s):  
T.N Balaji ◽  
◽  
S.M Ameenur Rahman ◽  
T Gomathi ◽  
S Pavithra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ternary Blend ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Pb Ions

Heavy metal removal from wastewater has become a major environmental concern around the world. The performance of a chitosan-oligosaccharide-based hybrid (chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)/Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/Kaolin clay (KC) ternary blend material prepared in the presence of Glutaraldehyde (Glu) ternary blend material for the adsorptive removal of lead (Pb) from waterwaste was investigated in this study. The structure of COS with amine and hydroxyl groups helps to remove Pb ions. FTIR and X-Ray diffraction were used to characterize of COS/CMC/KC + Glu blend. The removal of ions was assessed using batch adsorption studies, which varied parameters such as the influence of beginning concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The elimination of Pb ions by adsorption was pH-dependent, with a maximum at pH 5. The favorability of the reported experimental values was validated using several theoretical models such as Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudosecond-order best fitted for the adsorption.

scholarly journals NanoCrystalline Cellulose isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch and its potential in cadmium metal removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 04002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Hui Lim ◽  
Irene Mei Leng Chew ◽  
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽  
Mei Ching Tan ◽  
Khang Wei Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Cadmium Metal

scholarly journals Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Fei-Ling Pua ◽  
Ee-Sann Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Magnetic Catalyst ◽  
Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Bioremoval of Different Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluent by the Resistant Fungal Strain Aspergillus niger

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Naveen Kumar ◽  
J. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals

Developing countries are increasingly concerned with pollution due to toxic heavy metals in the environment. Unlike most organic pollutants which can be destroyed, toxic metal ions released into the environment often persist indefinitely circulating and eventually accumulating throughout the food chain thus posing a serious threat to mankind. The use of biological materials for heavy metal removal or recovery has gained importance in recent years due to their good performance and low cost. Among the various sources, both live and inactivated biomass of organisms exhibits interesting metal binding capacities. Their complex cell walls contain high content of functional groups like amino, amide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phosphate which have been implicated in metals binding. In the present study, Aspergillus niger was used to analyze the metal uptake from an aqueous solution. The determination of Cu+2, Pb+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, Co-2 and Ni+2 in samples was carried out by differential Pulse Anodic Voltammetry (DPASV) and the Voltammograms. Production of oxalic acid was carried out by submerged fermentation. The organism used in the present study has the ideal properties to sequester toxic metals and grow faster.

Synthesis of Allyl Pentaerythritol Crosslinker based Polymer Hydrogels and Determination of the Crosslink Density

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
Anamica . ◽  
Poorn Prakash Pande
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Polymer Gels ◽  
Polymer Hydrogels ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of polymer hydrogels. The polymer gels have been prepared from acrylic acid (AA) monomer using allyl pentaerythritol as the crosslinker in the presence of potassium persulfate initiator. The synthesized polymer gels have been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The swelling capacity and crosslink density of the synthesized polymer gels have been determined and it was found that some of the polymer samples behave like super-absorbent polymers. These polymeric-gels can be utilized in various applications viz. as a catalyst for dye removal, for anion removal from water and for heavy metal removal etc.

Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration for heavy metal removal: Influence of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose on filtration performances

2018 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 927-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boukary Lam ◽  
Sébastien Déon ◽  
Nadia Morin-Crini ◽  
Gregorio Crini ◽  
Patrick Fievet
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal

RECYCLING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS POTENTIAL CARRIER FOR BIOFERTILIZER FORMULATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Then Kek Hoe ◽  
Mohamad Roji Sarmidi ◽  
Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed Alwee ◽  
Zainul Akmar Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Burkholderia Cenocepacia ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Total N

The palm oil industry generates large amount of biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This biomass would be typically recycled to produce EFB compost that is a valuable agricultural input. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using EFB compost as carrier for nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Mixture (50-60% moisture) between EFB (shredded short fibres) and POME (anaerobic pond) were added with Effective Microorganisms (EM) to accelerate the composting process. The EFB compost reached thermophilic phase after 4-6 weeks with consistent temperature between 50-60oC. After 7 weeks of composting, EFB compost reached the mesophilic phase with continuous reduction of temperature to 35-40oC at week 8. The maturity of the compost is supported from the reduction of the C/N ratio from 36 (initial) to 20 (after 6 weeks). Mature EFB compost was sun-dried and ground into fine particle size (1 mm) prior to be used as carrier. Dried EFB compost carrier has the following characteristics (dry weight); average pH at 7.5, C/N ratio - 13.5, moisture - 17.4%, organic matter – 74.5%, total N - 3.06%, P - 0.37%, K - 4.74%, Ca - 3.32% and Mg - 0.79%. The inoculation of NFB and PSB into the EFB compost carrier from single cultures of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae showed high viable cell count at 4.05 x 109 CFU/g and 2.75 x 108 CFU/g respectively at day three after inoculation. Meanwhile, the mixed culture of Burkholderia cenocepacia with Serratia marcescens showed 2.45 x 108 CFU/g and 4.31 x 109 CFU/g respectively. This clearly indicates the potential of using EFB as a useful alternative for bacterial immobilization prior to application in the oil palm industries.

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