Oil palm empty fruit bunch valorization for activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles and its heavy-metal-removal efficiency

Abstract In this study, we examined activated and non-activated carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers for their nanomaterial characteristics and their potential effectiveness in heavy metal removal. To investigate these properties, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were employed. This study shows that both the activated and the non-activated CNPs were in the form of well-dispersed and aggregated particles. As analyzed using SEM, the external surfaces of the non-activated CNPs were determined to be irregular, while those of the activated CNPs had a more circular shape without aggregation. Carbon was the most dominant element observed in these CNPs, and the occurrence of its activation process altered the chemical functional groups of the non-activated CNPs by shifting their wavenumbers and intensities. Additionally, the activation process increased the crystallinity domain in the activated CNPs. OPEFB fibers could be valorized to obtain both activated and non-activated CNPs that had the potential efficiency to remove heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) at certain times. Based on the analysis of the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the activated and non-activated CNPs were found to have shown favorable adsorption to Cu, Pb, and Fe, with a percentage of heavy metal removal of over 84%. The adsorption of heavy metals was carried out via a chemical process.

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Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Divalent Lead Ions on the Nitrogen-Enriched Chitosan-Based Activated Carbon

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11081907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1907

Author(s):

Fatma Hussain Emamy ◽

Ali Bumajdad ◽

Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Metal Removal ◽

High Surface ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Kinetics Of Adsorption ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Pseudo Second Order

Optimizing the physicochemical properties of the chitosan-based activated carbon (Ch-ACs) can greatly enhance its performance toward heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Herein, Ch was converted into a high surface area (1556 m2/g) and porous (0.69 cm3/g) ACs with large content of nitrogen (~16 wt%) using K2CO3 activator and urea as nitrogen-enrichment agents. The prepared Ch-ACs were tested for the removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at different pH, initial metal ions concentration, time, activated carbon dosage, and temperature. For Cr(VI), the best removal was at pH = 2, while for Pb(II) the best pH for its removal was in the range of 4–6. At 25 °C, the Temkin model gives the best fit for the adsorption of Cr(VI), while the Langmuir model was found to be better for Pb(II) ions. The kinetics of adsorption of both heavy metal ions were found to be well-fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The findings show that the efficiency and the green properties (availability, recyclability, and cost effectiveness) of the developed adsorbent made it a good candidate for wastewaters treatment. As preliminary work, the prepared sorbent was also tested regarding the removal of heavy metals and other contaminations from real wastewater and the obtained results were found to be promising.

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A Review on Current Development of Animal Bone-Based Sorbent for Heavy Metals Removal from Contaminated Water and Wastewater

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.897.109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 897 ◽

pp. 109-115

Author(s):

Sri Martini ◽

Kiagus Ahmad Roni ◽

Dian Kharismadewi ◽

Erna Yuliwaty

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Inorganic Compounds ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Animal Bone ◽

Water And Wastewater ◽

Cow Bone

This review article presents the usage of various animal bones such as chicken bone, fish bone, pig bone, camel bone, and cow bone as reliable biosorbent materials to remove heavy metals contained in contaminated water and wastewater. The sources and toxicity effects of heavy metal ions are also discussed properly. Then specific insights related to adsorption process and its influential factors along with the proven potentiality of selected biosorbents especially derived from animal bone are also explained. As the biosorbents are rich in particular organic and inorganic compounds and functional groups in nature, they play an important role in heavy metal removal from contaminated solutions. Overall, after conducting study reports on the literature, a brief conclusion can be drawn that animal bone waste has satisfactory efficacy as effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly sorbent material.

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Heavy metal removal from wastewater and leachate co-treatment sludge by sulfur oxidizing bacteria

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0579 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. C. Aralp ◽

A. Erdincler ◽

T. T. Onay

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

Organic Content ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Sulfur Oxidizing ◽

Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria

Heavy metal concentration in sludge is one of the major obstacles for the application of sludge on land. There are various methods for the removal of heavy metals in sludge. Using sulfur oxidizing bacteria for microbiological removal of heavy metals from sludges is an outstanding option because of high metal solubilization rates and the low cost. In this study, bioleaching by indigenous sulfur oxidizing bacteria was applied to sludges generated from the co-treatment of municipal wastewater and leachate for the removal of selected heavy metals. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were acclimated to activated sludge. The effect of the high organic content of leachate on the bioleaching process was investigated in four sets of sludges having different concentrations of leachate. Sludges in Sets A, B, C and D were obtained from co-treatment of wastewater and 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% (v/v) leachate respectively. The highest Cr, Ni and Fe solubilization was obtained from Set A. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were totally inhibited in Set D that received the highest volume of leachate.

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Nanosheet-based magadiite: a controllable two-dimensional trap for selective capture of heavy metals

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/c8ta04790a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (28) ◽

pp. 13624-13632 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

He Ding ◽

Yang Chen ◽

Tianyi Fu ◽

Peng Bai ◽

Xianghai Guo

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Interlayer Space ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

2D Structure

Nanosheet-based magadiites are promising adsorbents with controlled interlayer space and a well-defined 2D structure, which make them new candidates for heavy metal removal.

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Enhanced Adsorptive Bioremediation of Heavy Metals (Cd2+, Cr6+, Pb2+) by Methane-Oxidizing Epipelon

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8040505 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 505 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Faheem ◽

Sadaf Shabbir ◽

Jun Zhao ◽

Philip G Kerr ◽

Nasrin Sultana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Methane Oxidation ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Aqueous Environment ◽

Type I ◽

Methane Concentrations

Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) are heavy metals that have been classified as priority pollutants in aqueous environment while methane-oxidizing bacteria as a biofilter arguably consume up to 90% of the produced methane in the same aqueous environment before it escapes into the atmosphere. However, the underlying kinetics and active methane oxidizers are poorly understood for the hotspot of epipelon that provides a unique micro-ecosystem containing diversified guild of microorganisms including methane oxidizers for potential bioremediation of heavy metals. In the present study, the Pb2+, Cd2+and Cr6+ bioremediation potential of epipelon biofilm was assessed under both high (120,000 ppm) and near-atmospheric (6 ppm) methane concentrations. Epipelon biofilm demonstrated a high methane oxidation activity following microcosm incubation amended with a high concentration of methane, accompanied by the complete removal of 50 mg L−1 Pb2+ and 50 mg L−1 Cd2+ (14 days) and partial (20%) removal of 50 mg L−1 Cr6+ after 20 days. High methane dose stimulated a faster (144 h earlier) heavy metal removal rate compared to near-atmospheric methane concentrations. DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) following 13CH4 microcosm incubation revealed the growth and activity of different phylotypes of methanotrophs during the methane oxidation and heavy metal removal process. High throughput sequencing of 13C-labelled particulate methane monooxygenase gene pmoA and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the prevalent active methane oxidizers were type I affiliated methanotrophs, i.e., Methylobacter. Type II methanotrophs including Methylosinus and Methylocystis were also labeled only under high methane concentrations. These results suggest that epipelon biofilm can serve as an important micro-environment to alleviate both methane emission and the heavy metal contamination in aqueous ecosystems with constant high methane fluxes.

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Advances in heavy metal removal by sulfate-reducing bacteria

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.227 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 (9) ◽

pp. 1797-1827 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ya-Nan Xu ◽

Yinguang Chen

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Conventional Methods ◽

Reducing Bacteria

Abstract Industrial development has led to generation of large volumes of wastewater containing heavy metals, which need to be removed before the wastewater is released into the environment. Chemical and electrochemical methods are traditionally applied to treat this type of wastewater. These conventional methods have several shortcomings, such as secondary pollution and cost. Bioprocesses are gradually gaining popularity because of their high selectivities, low costs, and reduced environmental pollution. Removal of heavy metals by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is an economical and effective alternative to conventional methods. The limitations of and advances in SRB activity have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this paper, recent advances from laboratory studies in heavy metal removal by SRB were reported. Firstly, the mechanism of heavy metal removal by SRB is introduced. Then, the factors affecting microbial activity and metal removal efficiency are elucidated and discussed in detail. In addition, recent advances in selection of an electron donor, enhancement of SRB activity, and improvement of SRB tolerance to heavy metals are reviewed. Furthermore, key points for future studies of the SRB process are proposed.

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Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: a review

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2016.104 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 387-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Renu ◽

Madhu Agarwal ◽

K. Singh

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Aquatic Ecosystems ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Low Cost ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Review Article ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals

Heavy metals are discharged into water from various industries. They can be toxic or carcinogenic in nature and can cause severe problems for humans and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the removal of heavy metals from wastewater is a serious problem. The adsorption process is widely used for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater because of its low cost, availability and eco-friendly nature. Both commercial adsorbents and bioadsorbents are used for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, with high removal capacity. This review article aims to compile scattered information on the different adsorbents that are used for heavy metal removal and to provide information on the commercially available and natural bioadsorbents used for removal of chromium, cadmium and copper, in particular.

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The Potential of Microbial Fuel Cells for Remediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Water—Review of Application

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7120697 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 697 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chaolin Fang ◽

Varenyam Achal

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Microbial Fuel Cells ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

External Energy ◽

Microbial Electrolysis Cells ◽

Cadmium And Lead ◽

Soil And Water

The global energy crisis and heavy metal pollution are the common problems of the world. It is noted that the microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been developed as a promising technique for sustainable energy production and simultaneously coupled with the remediation of heavy metals from water and soil. This paper reviewed the performances of MFCs for heavy metal removal from soil and water. Electrochemical and microbial biocatalytic reactions synergistically resulted in power generation and the high removal efficiencies of several heavy metals in wastewater, such as copper, hexavalent chromium, mercury, silver, thallium. The coupling system of MFCs and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) successfully reduced cadmium and lead without external energy input. Moreover, the effects of pH and electrode materials on the MFCs in water were discussed. In addition, the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by MFCs were summarized, noting that plant-MFC performed very well in the heavy metal removal.

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Potential of Agricultural Waste Material (Ananas cosmos) as Biosorbent for Heavy Metal Removal in Polluted Water

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.489 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1010 ◽

pp. 489-494

Author(s):

Abdul Hafidz Yusoff ◽

Rosmawani Mohammad ◽

Mardawani Mohamad ◽

Ahmad Ziad Sulaiman ◽

Nurul Akmar Che Zaudin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Low Cost ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Pineapple Peel

Conventional methods to remove heavy metals from polluted water are expensive and not environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the potential of agricultural waste such as pineapple peel (Ananas Cosmos) as low-cost absorbent to remove heavy metals from synthetic polluted water. The results showed that Cd, Cr and Pb were effectively removed by the biosorbent at 12g of pineapple peels in 100 mL solution. The optimum contact time for maximum adsorption was found to be 90 minutes, while the optimum pH for the heavy metal’s adsorption was 9. It was demonstrated that with the increase of adsorbent dosage, the percent of heavy metals removal was also increased due to the increasing adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. In addition, Langmuir model show maximum adsorption capacity of Cd is 1.91 mg/g. As conclusions, our findings show that pineapple peel has potential to remove heavy metal from polluted water.

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Removal of Particles and Dissolved Metals in Motorway Runoff by Filtration and Adsorption Using the Expanded Polypropylene Media

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.125 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 620-622 ◽

pp. 125-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sung Won Kang ◽

Seog Ku Kim ◽

Sang Leen Yun ◽

Hye Cheol Oh ◽

Jae Hwan Ahn

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Heavy Metal Removal ◽

The Novel ◽

Storm Events ◽

Dissolved Metals ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Filtration Device

This research was conducted to investigate the application of the novel upflow-type filtration device using hydrophobia media made of expanded polypropylene (EPP) from driveways site. The higher level of motorway-derived heavy metal contamination exists in stormwater runoff from a road section and the heavy metal levels were higher than the regulated Korean environmental guideline in lake and river. For Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, the influent event mean concentrations (EMCs) during 8 storm periods were 2.75, 37.3, 90.5, 118.5 and 546.5 µg/L, respectively. The novel upflow-type filtration device with main mechanism of filtration and adsorption showed removal (>91%, >93%, >85%, >91% and >80%) of the studied heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and differences of medians of removal efficiencies among heavy metals were not statistically signficant by Kruskal-Wallis test (p>0.05) during 8 storm events. It is found that EPP media is very effective at the removal of the heavy metals, and the magnitude of heavy metal removal in a decreasing order is Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn.

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