Quality Improvement of Eutrophic Environments Degraded by Organic Matter, in Experiences Conducted in Sea-Water Microcosms

An experience in seawater microcosms was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the zeolite chabazite (CHA) in the mitigation of water eutrophication produced by sediments with high organic load. The experience was conducted in microcosms with addition and in the absence of effective microorganisms (EM). In the absence of EM, the ammonium abatement by CHA compared to the controls without CHA, was elevated only in the first week, while with the addition of EM, the abatement occurred for the entire experience (one month), although gradually reducing, as ammonia releases increased over time. Ammonium releases were 1.4 to 2.3 times lower in CHA microcosms compared to CHA-free controls and, among those in which CHA was present, they were lower in the presence of EM. Soluble orthophosphates also showed a reduction in microcosms with CHA, compared to the control microcosms, with a more marked results in the absence of EM, probably due to the formation of insoluble salts.

Response of Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties to the Application of Effective Microorganisms in the Water of the Turawa Reservoir

Effective microorganisms (EM) technology was used to find the optimal method of water restoration in the designated experimental area. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of EM biopreparation on selected physicochemical and microbiological properties using ISO methods. A week after the application of biopreparations, a slight decrease in the nitrates content (0.375–0.531 mg L−1) and a significant decrease in the content of phosphorus compounds (0.130–0.304 mg L−1) compared to the control date were observed. Moreover, on the second date, the decrease in most values of microbiological properties was noted. Two weeks after the application, in most cases, the values of water quality properties were shaped close to values obtained in the control date (before EM application). The EM effect was rather short-term, but optimization of application properties may prolong the effect and thus, include the EM technology among the best eco-friendly technologies used for freshwater ecosystem restoration.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BIOAKTIVATOR EM-4 TERHADAP PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU

Tofu industrial waste is generally divided into two forms of waste, namely solid waste and liquid waste. The liquid waste of the tofu industry contains organic material that can be decomposed anaerobically into methane gas (CH4), other gases, and water which is commonly called biogas. One of the potential biocatalysts as a source of microorganisms in biogas production is Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM-4). This research was conducted by adding EM-4 with a concentration of 0.5%; 1%; and without EM-4 into 15 liters of tofu liquid waste in the digester for fermentation for 7 days. Observation of the pressure on the manometer seen from the difference in the height of the liquid manometer U and the combustion process was carried out on the 7th day (constant pressure). The maximum pressure of biogas for 7 days at 1% EM4 of 927,864 kg/m.s2 produces a blue flame, has an unpleasant odor, does not cause smoke with a fire height of 12,602 mm. So it can be concluded that the greater concentration of EM-4 used, the greater the pressure of biogas and fire

Environmental applications of Effective Microorganisms: a review of current knowledge and recommendations for future directions

Nowadays, beneficial microorganisms are getting wider applicability. One example is referred to as Effective Microorganisms (EM) having its composition kept a secret. EM is a product in liquid form, which consists of a variety of not only effective and beneficial microorganisms but also nonpathogenic ones, with admirable coexistence between aerobic and anaerobic types of microorganisms. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a summary of the different uses and applications of EM, their applications, their benefits, and the expected results when using them in different applications. This is the first review to focus on the uses of EM in environmental engineering systems and processes such as wastewater treatment processes. Originally, EM was manufactured to be utilized in organic farming, but at the moment, this substance is getting wider applications such as in medicine, environment, livestock sector, forestry, and agriculture. When it comes to the protection of the environment, EM helps in waste deodorization, eutrophication control, and wastewater. Investigation on EM use in water quality restoration, wastewater treatment, the treatment of sludge, and composting has been undertaken by researchers. This review provides an overview of the current situation of environmental application of EM in various fields including water quality, wastewater treatment, sludge treatment, and composting.

Bioconversion of Fermented Barley Waste by Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera; Stratiomyidae)

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are widely used as bioconverter agents for various organics waste, and BSF pupae are often used as fodder for poultry and fish, because the BSF pupae have a high protein content. This study focused on applying BSFL as a bioconversion agent of the fermented barley waste to convert it to larvae biomass. Prior to application, barley waste was fermented either using effective microorganisms-4 (EM4), leachate, and water for seven days. The fermented barley waste was applied as feeding material for BSFL at the rate of 100 mg/larvae/days. As control commercial chicken fed (CF) was applied as feeding material at a similar feeding rate. During this study, waste reduction index (WRI), and efficiency of digested feed (ECD) were calculated, and the protein content in the BSF prepupae was analyzed. The results of this study showed that BSFL fed with CF produces the shortest development time (27 days), and high consumption rate. BSFL fed with barley waste fermented with EM4 (BE) and Leachate (BL) produces a larval period of 31 and 30 days respectively, and statistically those were not significantly different from control. This study showed that treatments of BE and BL, produced a very high larval survival rates, 98.67% and 97.00% respectively, and those two treatments were not statistically different from the control (96.67%). Although the control treatment resulted in a higher WRI compared to the other treatments, but the ECD of BE and BL treatments were higher than the ECD of the control. From this study, it can be concluded that BSFL has a good ability to convert fermented barley waste as well as controls, and the prepupae has a high protein content (42%), so BSFL fed with fermented barley waste has the opportunity to be used as a fed for poultry and fish.

Effect of “EM® PROBIOTIC FOR BEES” on the dynamics viability of bee in an entomological cage experiment

At present, Ukraine is one of the first honey producing country in Europe. Around 100 thousand tonnes of honey are produced annually in Ukraine, therefore, maintaining the health of the bee colonies is an important issue. The use of different groups of drugs for the prevention of bee diseases is strictly controlled, now the known alternatives to antibiotics are probiotics. The micro-organisms in these preparats are able to synthesise vitamins and amino acids necessary for the growth and development of bees, which in turn activates the immunocompetent cells of the insects and prolongs their life. The immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory ability of such supplements of “beneficial” microorganisms is known, both in veterinary and human medicine. The use of such remedies is therefore promising in the field of modern beekeeping. “EM® PROBIOTIC FOR BEES” is a biopreparation that positively influences the microbiological environment of insects, as the preparation is based on Effective Microorganisms®. The ability of this probiotic to influence the dynamics of life span of Ukrainian steppe bees in a wooden entomological cage experiment (in vivo) was the main objective of the experiment. The effect of the probiotic on bee viability was determined by daily analysis and counting the number of dead insects. The study involved the settlement of bees in a wooden entomological cages and the creation of optimal conditions for their keeping (at a temperature of +24 – +25 °C and a humidity of 50–70 %). The product was diluted with buckwheat honey syrup solution and sugar syrup solution at concentrations of 5 %; 2.5 %; 1.25 %; control groups of bees received native solutions of the sugar syrup and buckwheat honey syrup. The analysis of the results shows a positive effect of “EM® PROBIOTIC FOR BEES” on the longevity of Ukrainian steppe worker bees of the winter generation in a entomological cage experiment. A beneficial effect of the probiotic product diluted in sugar syrup at concentrations of 1.25 % to 5 % has been detected on the bee organism, which increased their lifespan. When the product was diluted with buckwheat honey syrup, the best longevity of the insects was recorded at a concentration of 1.25 % compared to the control group of bees. The coefficient of average life expectancy of bees indicates the predominance of sugar syrup as a solvent for this probiotic compared to buckwheat honey syrup under laboratory conditions.

Impact of effective microbes (em) bokashi supplementation on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas volume production in diets of sheep

The present study was conducted to determine the appropriate type of by-products {sugar beet pulp (SBP), grape seeds (GS), olive cake (OC), citrus pulp (CtP), and jojoba meal (JM)} fermented with activated effective microorganisms (EM-Bokashi) to be integrated into the diet of sheep to obtain the best nutrient digestibility and rumen characteristic of Barki sheep. An in vitro experiment was carried out on five fistulated females for rumen fermentation activity, while 15 males were used for digestibility trials. Treatment with EM caused less cell wall content. GS and CtP had higher feed intake (FI) and digestibility coefficients; the lower was found for JM as well less FI. SBP and JM had a higher pH and NH3 concentration, while they were less for GS and CtP. Those had higher total volatile fatty acids (TVFA's) concentration, percentage of acetate, and acetic to propionic (A/P) ratio. JM had less acetate, A/P and higher propionate and butyrate. Higher gas volume after 24h fermentation was noticed for GS and CtP, they were higher kinetic parameters as well, but they were less methane production and more ME (MJ/kg DM), OMD (%) and microbial protein syntheses. Therefore, in conclusion, feeding Bokashi of GS or CtP to sheep can improve productivity, while using Bokashi of JM should be combined with other feeds.

Application of local microorganisms from tuna fish and shrimp waste as bio activator for household organic waste composting by Takakura method

Organic waste has the potency to use as bio activator material. This research compares household organic waste compost results with the addition of bio activator from local microorganism activator (LMO) from tuna fish and shrimp waste with Effective Microorganisms (EM4). The composting method used is aerobic composting with the Takakura composting technique. This composting is carried out in 5 variations, variation one without-bio activator added, 2 with LMO of tuna fish waste added, variation 3 with LMO shrimp waste added, variation 4 with LMO of tuna fish, and shrimp waste added, variation 5 with EM4 added. Analysis of all compost quality has met SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. A total of 2 kg of raw material produced solid compost becomes 0.7-1 kg of compost. The use of bio activators can speed up the composting process to 8-12 days. The variation of adding LMO tuna fish waste was chosen as a suitable alternative compared to other variations. The composting process with LMO of tuna fish waste results from the fastest composting time of 9 days with a C/N ratio of 18.45%, P2O5 0.56 %, and 0.76% K2O, with 0.85 kg of compost. Scoring results in variation 2 is the best variation in compost maturity quality.