scholarly journals Setting Relationships between Structure and Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber and Their Effect on Self-Healing Elastomers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Luis E. Alonso Alonso Pastor ◽  
Karina C. Núñez Núñez Carrero ◽  
Javier Araujo-Morera ◽  
Marianella Hernández Hernández Santana ◽  
José María Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber

The use of devulcanized tire powder as an effective reinforcement in self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been investigated for the first time in this work. For this purpose, the evolution of the microstructure of the rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs) was studied during granulation, grinding and devulcanization through an exhaustive characterization work in order to relate the final microstructure with the mechanical response of the repaired systems. Different morphologies (particle size distribution and specific surface area) obtained by cryogenic and water jet grinding processes, as well as different devulcanization techniques (thermo-mechanical, microwave, and thermo-chemical), were analyzed. The results demonstrated the key influence of the morphology of the ground tire rubber (GTR) on the obtained devulcanized products (dGTR). The predictions of the Horikx curves regarding the selectivity of the applied devulcanization processes were validated, thereby; a model of the microstructure of these materials was defined. This model made it possible to relate the morphology of GTR and dGTR with their activity as reinforcement in self-healing formulations. In this sense, higher specific surface area and percentage of free surface polymeric chains resulted in better mechanical performance and more effective healing. Such a strategy enabled an overall healing efficiency of more than 80% in terms of a real mechanical recovery (tensile strength and elongation at break), when adding 30 phr of dGTR. These results open a great opportunity to find the desired balance between the mechanical properties before and after self-repair, thus providing a high technological valorization to waste tires.

scholarly journals Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3094
Author(s):  
Hiron Raja Padmanathan ◽  
Carlos Eloy Federico ◽  
Frédéric Addiego ◽  
Robert Rommel ◽  
Ondřej Kotecký ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Volume Strain

This work aimed at studying the effect of a silica specific surface area (SSA), as determined by the nitrogen adsorption method, on the viscoelastic and fatigue behaviors of silica-filled styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. In particular, silica fillers with an SSA of 125 m2/g, 165 m2/g, and 200 m2/g were selected. Micro-computed X-ray tomography (µCT) was utilized to analyze the 3D morphology of the fillers within an SBR matrix prior to mechanical testing. It was found with this technique that the volume density of the agglomerates drastically decreased with decreasing silica SSA, indicating an increase in the silica dispersion state. The viscoelastic behavior was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and hysteresis loss experiments. The fatigue behavior was studied by cyclic tensile loading until rupture enabled the generation of Wöhler curves. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to evaluate the volume strain upon deformation, whereas µCT was used to evaluate the volume fraction of the fatigue-induced cracks. Last, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize, in detail, crack mechanisms. The main results indicate that fatigue life increased with decreasing silica SSA, which was also accompanied by a decrease in hysteresis loss and storage modulus. SEM investigations showed that filler–matrix debonding and filler fracture were the mechanisms at the origin of crack initiation. Both the volume fraction of the cracks obtained by µCT and the volume strain acquired from the DIC increased with increasing SSA of silica. The results are discussed based on the prominent role of the filler network on the viscoelastic and fatigue damage behaviors of SBR composites.

scholarly journals Influence of the Silica Specific Surface Area and Ionic Liquids on the Curing Characteristics and Performance of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5302
Author(s):  
Anna Sowińska-Baranowska ◽  
Magdalena Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Damping Behavior ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

In this work, we present the effect of silica’s specific surface area (180 m2·g−1 and 380 m2·g−1, respectively) on the crosslinking of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites, as well as their crosslink density and functional properties, such as thermal stability, damping behavior, resistance to thermo-oxidative aging, and tensile properties. Ionic liquids (ILs) with a bromide anion and different cations, i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmi), 1-butyl-3-methylpyrrolidinium (Bmpyr), and 1-butyl-3-methylpiperidinium (Bmpip), were used to enhance the cure characteristics of SBR compounds and the functional properties of SBR vulcanizates. It was proven that apart from the silica’s specific surface area, the filler–polymer and filler–filler physical interactions have a significant impact on the vulcanization kinetics of silica-filled SBR composites. Additionally, the performed studies have shown that ILs positively affected the dispersion of silica’s particles and reduced their ability to form agglomerates in the elastomer matrix, which enhanced the functional properties of the SBR vulcanizates.

Characterization of styrene butadiene rubber and microwave devulcanized ground tire rubber composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazliye Karabork ◽  
Erol Pehlivan ◽  
Ahmet Akdemir
Keyword(s):  
Control Sample ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Soluble Part

Abstract Ground tire rubber (GTR) was devulcanized by microwaves at the same heating rate (constant power) and different times of exposure. The devulcanized rubber (DV-R) and untreated GTR were characterized physically and thermally. Composite materials were prepared from different proportions of the GTR, which was used as a filler, and the DV-R, which was used as part of the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix, and by varying the exposure time of the microwave power. These composites were compared with a control sample that was prepared from virgin SBR. The sol content (soluble part) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of the devulcanized samples were examined to define the efficiency of devulcanization. The cure characteristics and tensile properties of the SBR composites were researched. In this study, it was found that using DV-R as part of the rubber matrix produced much better properties than using GTR as a filler, thereby showing the significant benefits of microwave devulcanization. At the DV-R content of 50 phr, the elongation at break of the DV-R 5 min/SBR composites increased to 445.06% from 217.25% for the GTR/SBR composites, i.e., the elongation at break was enhanced by 105% by the devulcanization of GTR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs displayed a better interface coherence between the DV-R 5 min and SBR matrix than the GTR/SBR composites.

scholarly journals On the Use of Mechano-Chemically Modified Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) as Recycled and Sustainable Filler in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Araujo-Morera ◽  
Reyes Verdugo-Manzanares ◽  
Sergio González ◽  
Raquel Verdejo ◽  
Miguel Angel Lopez-Manchado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Recycled Material

The management of end-of-life tires (ELTs) is one of the main environmental issues that society faces nowadays. Recycling of ELTs appears as one feasible option for tackling the problem, although their incorporation as ground tire rubber (GTR) in other rubber matrices is limited due to poor compatibility. In this research, we report a successful combination of a cryo-grinding process with a chemical treatment for modifying the surface of GTR. Various cryo-grinding protocols were studied until a particle size of 100–150 µm was achieved. Chemical treatments with different acids were also analyzed, resulting in the optimal modification with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Modified GTR was added to a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix. The incorporation of 10 phr of this filler resulted in a composite with improved mechanical performance, with increments of 115% and 761% in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively. These results validate the use of a recycled material from tire waste as sustainable filler in rubber composites.

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Modified Ground Tire Rubber Blends Co-Vulcanization: Effect of Accelerator Type

2016 ◽  
Vol 361 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
Magdalena Formela ◽  
Sabu Thomas ◽  
Józef Haponiuk
Keyword(s):  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Styrene Butadiene
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