scholarly journals Monitoring Lakes Surface Water Velocity with SAR: A Feasibility Study on Lake Garda, Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2293
Author(s):  
Marina Amadori ◽  
Virginia Zamparelli ◽  
Giacomo De Carolis ◽  
Gianfranco Fornaro ◽  
Marco Toffolon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lake Garda ◽  
Marine Applications

The SAR Doppler frequencies are directly related to the motion of the scatterers in the illuminated area and have already been used in marine applications to monitor moving water surfaces. Here we investigate the possibility of retrieving surface water velocity from SAR Doppler analysis in medium-size lakes. ENVISAT images of the test site (Lake Garda) are processed and the Doppler Centroid Anomaly technique is adopted. The resulting surface velocity maps are compared with the outputs of a hydrodynamic model specifically validated for the case study. Thermal images from MODIS Terra are used in support of the modeling results. The surface velocity retrieved from SAR is found to overestimate the numerical results and the existence of a bias is investigated. In marine applications, such bias is traditionally removed through Geophysical Model Functions (GMFs) by ascribing it to a fully developed wind waves spectrum. We found that such an assumption is not supported in our case study, due to the small-scale variations of topography and wind. The role of wind intensity and duration on the results from SAR is evaluated, and the inclusion of lake bathymetry and the SAR backscatter gradient is recommended for the future development of GMFs suitable for lake environments.

scholarly journals Microgrid Architecture Evaluation for Small and Medium Size Industries

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Bandeiras ◽  
Mário Gomes ◽  
Paulo Coelho ◽  
José Fernandes ◽  
Antonio Camacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Architecture Evaluation ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Grid Codes ◽  
And Storage

AbstractThe content of this paper addresses possible approaches that will eventually allow the development of microgrids for small and medium size industries on a massive scale. Therefore, it addresses in a comprehensive way, the most suitable communication technologies for microgrids in this type of enterprises. Several energy sources that can be implemented in industrial microgrids are also briefly addressed, including generation and storage units frequently adopted for power supply in small scale distribution grids. The overview of communication technologies and energy sources takes into account the financial limitations of small enterprises with the purpose of assisting the study of industrial microgrid architectures. In addition, a case study is presented in order to observe how a centralized and a decentralized deployment of energy sources affect the performance of a small or medium scale industrial microgrid. Since this sector is very important for the development of modern societies, it should make use of the most advanced infrastructures in order to be more sustainable, both environmentally and competitively. The practical limitations applied to industrial microgrids (e.g., lack of standards in the grid codes, some unfit technological performance and amiss system design) shows that the subject presented in this paper deserves much more research and developments. Thus, this work demonstrates the importance of the development of the microgrid for the small and medium-sized enterprises sector.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Surface water velocity observations from a camera: a case study on the Tiber River

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 11883-11904 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tauro ◽  
G. Olivieri ◽  
A. Petroselli ◽  
M. Porfiri ◽  
S. Grimaldi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Tiber River

Abstract. Monitoring surface water velocity during flood events is a challenging task. Techniques based on deploying instruments in the flow are often unfeasible due to high velocity and abundant sediment transport. A low-cost and versatile technology that provides continuous and automatic observations is still not available. LSPIV (large scale particle imaging velocimetry) is a promising approach to tackle these issues. Such technique consists of developing surface water velocity maps analyzing video frame sequences recorded with a camera. In this technical brief, we implement a novel LSPIV experimental apparatus to observe a flood event in the Tiber river at a cross-section located in the center of Rome, Italy. We illustrate results from three tests performed during the hydrograph flood peak and recession limb for different illumination and weather conditions. The obtained surface velocity maps are compared to the rating curve velocity and to benchmark velocity values. Experimental findings confirm the potential of the proposed LSPIV implementation in aiding research in natural flow monitoring.

Surface Water Quality Assessment. Case Study: Târnava Mare River, Mediaș Town-Romania

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Roşu ◽  
◽  
Ioana Piştea ◽  
Carmen Roba ◽  
Mihaela Mihu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

Multilingualism in eastern Indonesia: linguistic evidence of a shift from symmetric to asymmetric multilingualism

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110231
Author(s):  
Francesca Romana Moro
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Bilingual Communities

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The Alorese in eastern Indonesia are an Austronesian community who have inhabited two Papuan-speaking islands for approximately 600 years. Their language presents a paradox: contact with the neighbouring Papuan languages has led to both complexification and simplification. This article argues that these opposite outcomes of contact result from two distinct scenarios, and formulates a hypothesis about a shift in multilingual patterns in Alorese history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To formulate a hypothesis about the discontinuity of multilingual patterns, this article first sketches the past and present multilingual patterns of the Alorese by modelling language contact outcomes in terms of bilingual optimisation strategies. This is followed by a comparison of the two scenarios to pinpoint similarities and differences. Data and Analysis: Previous research shows that two types of contact phenomena are attested in Alorese: (a) complexification arising from grammatical borrowings from Papuan languages, and (b) morphological simplification. The first change is associated with prolonged child bilingualism and is the result of Papuan-oriented bilingual strategies, while the latter change is associated with adult second language (L2) learning and is the result of universal communicative strategies. Findings/Conclusions Complexification and simplification are the results of two different layers of contact. Alorese was first used in small-scale bilingual communities, with widespread symmetric multilingualism. Later, multilingualism became more asymmetric, and the language started to undergo a simplification process due to the considerable number of L2 speakers. Originality: This article is innovative in providing a clear case study showing discontinuity of multilingual patterns, supported by linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. Significance/Implications: This article provides a plausible explanation for the apparent paradox found in Alorese, by showing that different outcomes of contact in the same language are due to different patterns of acquisition and socialisation. This discontinuity should be taken into account by models of language contact.

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