scholarly journals Nutritional and Physiological Constraints Contributing to Limitations in Small Intestinal Starch Digestion and Glucose Absorption in Ruminants

Ruminants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Trotta ◽  
David L. Harmon ◽  
James C. Matthews ◽  
Kendall C. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Increased efficiency of nutrient utilization can potentially be gained with increased starch digestion in the small intestine in ruminants. However, ruminants have quantitative limits in the extent of starch disappearance in the small intestine. The objective is to explore the nutritional and physiological constraints that contribute to limitations of carbohydrate assimilation in the ruminant small intestine. Altered digesta composition and passage rate in the small intestine, insufficient pancreatic α-amylase and/or small intestinal carbohydrase activity, and reduced glucose absorption could all be potentially limiting factors of intestinal starch assimilation. The absence of intestinal sucrase activity in ruminants may be related to quantitative limits in small intestinal starch hydrolysis. Multiple sequence alignment of the sucrase-isomaltase complex gives insight into potential molecular mechanisms that may be associated with the absence of intestinal sucrase activity, reduced capacity for intestinal starch digestion, and limitations in the efficiency of feed utilization in cattle and sheep. Future research efforts in these areas will aid in our understanding of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose absorption to optimize feeding strategies for increased meat and milk production efficiency.

scholarly journals Duodenal Infusions of Starch with Casein or Glutamic Acid Influence Pancreatic and Small Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities in Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Leonardo G Sitorski ◽  
Subash Acharya ◽  
Derek W Brake ◽  
Kendall C Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACT Background Small intestinal starch digestion in ruminants is potentially limited by inadequate production of carbohydrases. Previous research has demonstrated that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved by postruminal supply of casein or glutamic acid. However, the mechanisms by which casein and glutamic acid increase starch digestion are not well understood. Objectives The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of duodenal infusions of starch with casein or glutamic acid on postruminal carbohydrase activities in cattle. Methods Twenty-two steers [mean body weight (BW) = 179 ± 4.23 kg] were surgically fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulas and limit-fed a soybean hull–based diet containing small amounts of starch. Raw cornstarch (1.61 ± 0.0869 kg/d) was infused into the duodenum alone (control), or with 118 ± 7.21 g glutamic acid/d, or 428 ± 19.4 g casein/d. Treatments were infused continuously for 58 d and then steers were killed for tissue collection. Activities of pancreatic (α-amylase) and intestinal (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase, sucrase) carbohydrases were determined. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (replicate group) design using the GLM procedure of SAS to determine effects of infusion treatment. Results Duodenal casein infusion increased (P < 0.05) pancreatic α-amylase activity by 290%. Duodenal glutamic acid infusion increased (P < 0.03) duodenal maltase activity by 233%. Duodenal casein infusion increased jejunal maltase (P = 0.02) and glucoamylase (P = 0.03) activity per gram protein by 62.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Duodenal casein infusion tended to increase (P = 0.10) isomaltase activity per gram jejunum by 38.5% in the jejunum. Sucrase activity was not detected in any segment of the small intestine. Conclusions These results suggest that small intestinal starch digestion can be improved in cattle with increased small intestinal flow of casein through increases in postruminal carbohydrase activities.

Application of a dynamic mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion in the dairy cow

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J. A. N. Mills ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
L. A. Crompton ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Small Intestinal

The high contribution of postruminal starch digestion (>50%) to total tract starch digestion on certain energy dense diets (Mills et al. 1999) demands that limitations to small intestinal starch digestion are identified. Therefore, a dynamic mechanistic model of the small intestine was constructed and evaluated against published experimental data for abomasal carbohydrate infusions in the dairy cow. The mechanistic structure of the model allowed the current biological knowledge to be integrated into a system capable of identifying restrictions to dietary energy recovery from postruminal starch delivery.

RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: II. THE EFFECTS OF RAT AGE AND SEX AND OF DIET ON SUCRASE ACTIVITY

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 917-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. R. Blair ◽  
W. Yakimets ◽  
J. Tuba
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
Enzyme Adaptation ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Intestinal sucrase activity of the rat varies with the age, but not the sex, of the animal. Sucrase activity of rats 23 days of age was approximately two-thirds that of adults.Sucrase activity of adult rats was significantly decreased by several days of fasting. The decrease was rapid during the first 2 to 4 days of the fast, but became negligible thereafter.Diets containing large (70%) amounts of sucrose, galactose, melizitose, or α-methyl-D-glucoside produced highly significant increases in intestinal sucrase levels (compared with a carbohydrate-free, high-casein control diet) when fed ad libitum for 24 hours to adult male rats previously fasted for 3 days. Similar diets containing fructose, fructose plus glucose in equimolar amounts, or maltose significantly increased sucrase activity, but diets containing glucose, mannose, xylose, or lactose were not stimulatory. A 70% raffinose diet significantly decreased sucrase activity. Normal male rats which were fed the 70% sucrose diet for 4 weeks had sucrase activities similar to those of controls fed Purina fox checkers, but animals fed the carbohydrate-free, high-casein diet for 1 day or longer had sucrase activities significantly lower than those of controls. The significance of these observations in regard to enzyme "adaptation" is discussed.

scholarly journals The effects of l-arabinose on intestinal sucrase activity: dose-response studies in vitro and in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Krog-Mikkelsen ◽  
Ole Hels ◽  
Inge Tetens ◽  
Jens Juul Holst ◽  
Jens Rikardt Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

scholarly journals 325 DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINAL SUCRASE ACTIVITY: INTER ACTION OF THYROID AND ADRENAL HORMONES

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 165A-165A
Author(s):  
Yvonne E Vaucher ◽  
Judy A Grimes ◽  
Otakar Koldovsky ◽  
T Allen Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Adrenal Hormones ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Elephant foot yam ameliorates activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Harshavardhan Reddy A ◽  
Jamuna J. Bhaskar ◽  
Paramahans V. Salimath ◽  
Aradhya S. M.
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Lactase Activity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Elephant Foot Yam ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson syn. Amorphophallus campanulatus) is a tuber vegetable used as an ingredient in ayurvedic preparations for various ailments. The present investigation deals with the effect of elephant foot yam extract on intestinal and renal disaccharidases in normal rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The specific activities of maltase, sucrase and lactase were measured in control and starch fed diabetic (SFD), elephant foot yam extract at 0.1% fed diabetic (YFD0.1), elephant foot yam extract at 0.25% fed diabetic (YFD0.25) and aminoguanidine fed diabetic (AFD) groups at the end of experimental period. Intestinal maltase, sucrase and lactase activities were high in SFD group compared to control, YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups. Amelioration of intestinal maltase activities by 18% 26% and 48% was observed in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups respectively when compared to SFD group. Intestinal sucrase activity was ameliorated in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups to about 28%, 45% and 56% respectively. Lactase activity of intestine was improved by 36%, 52% and 64% in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups respectively. On the contrary, specific activities of renal maltase, sucrase and lactase were decreased in SFD group compared to control groups. Supplementation of elephant foot yam extract in diet significantly ameliorated renal disachharidases activities in YFD0.1 and YFD0.25 groups. The results demonstrate the potential use of elephant foot yam for the management of diabetes.

Hyperglycemia induces intestinal sucrase activity in subtotally pancreatectomized rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Touichiro Takeguchi ◽  
Katsutaka Mori ◽  
Sadamu Takano ◽  
Masanobu Akagi
Keyword(s):  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: I. INTESTINAL DISTRIBUTION AND REACTION KINETICS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. R. Blair ◽  
J. Tuba
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase

A study of the distribution of sucrase (invertase) activity in the small intestine of the rat and of sucrase reaction kinetics was conducted. Sucrase activity was measured in water homogenates of 10-cm sections of the intestine. The sucrase activity of normal adult male rats was associated mainly with the first half of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) and decreased to negligible amounts at the ileocolic end. A trace of sucrase activity was found in the colon, but other rat tissues examined lacked the enzyme.The third 10-cm section of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) was used as a source of enzyme for studies of reaction kinetics. The optimum pH for intestinal sucrase was 6.25 under the conditions used. The optimum substrate concentration was 0.12 M (4.1%) to 0.5 M (17.1%) sucrose, and the Km was 0.0128 M. At the sucrose concentration used for routine assays (0.161 M) the enzyme action was zero order for a period of at least 20 minutes. Sucrase action followed the Arrhenius equation at temperatures between 5° and 37 °C, and an activation energy of 10,100 calories per mole was calculated.

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