scholarly journals Which Visual Modality Is Important When Judging the Naturalness of the Agent (Artificial Versus Human Intelligence) Providing Recommendations in the Symbolic Consumption Context?

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 5016
Author(s):  
Kyungmi Chung ◽  
Jin Young Park ◽  
Kiwan Park ◽  
Yaeri Kim
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Virtual Agents ◽  
Textual Information ◽  
N170 Amplitude ◽  
Male University Students

This study aimed to explore how the type and visual modality of a recommendation agent’s identity affect male university students’ (1) self-reported responses to agent-recommended symbolic brand in evaluating the naturalness of virtual agents, human, or artificial intelligence (AI) and (2) early event-related potential (ERP) responses between text- and face-specific scalp locations. Twenty-seven participants (M = 25.26, SD = 5.35) whose consumption was more motivated by symbolic needs (vs. functional) were instructed to perform a visual task to evaluate the naturalness of the target stimuli. As hypothesized, the subjective evaluation showed that they had lower attitudes and perceived higher unnaturalness when the symbolic brand was recommended by AI (vs. human). Based on this self-report, two epochs were segmented for the ERP analysis: human-natural and AI-unnatural. As revealed by P100 amplitude modulation on visual modality of two agents, their evaluation relied more on face image rather than text. Furthermore, this tendency was consistently observed in that of N170 amplitude when the agent identity was defined as human. However, when the agent identity was defined as AI, reversed N170 modulation was observed, indicating that participants referred more to textual information than graphical information to assess the naturalness of the agent.

scholarly journals Early Event-related Potential Effects of Syllabic Processing during Visual Word Recognition

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1803-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Carreiras ◽  
Marta Vergara ◽  
Horacio Barber
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Early Event ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
N400 Component

A number of behavioral studies have suggested that syllables might play an important role in visual word recognition in some languages. We report two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using a new paradigm showing that syllabic units modulate early ERP components. In Experiment 1, words and pseudowords were presented visually and colored so that there was a match or a mismatch between the syllable boundaries and the color boundaries. The results showed color-syllable congruency effects in the time window of the P200. Lexicality modulated the N400 amplitude, but no effects of this variable were obtained at the P200 window. In Experiment 2, high-and low-frequency words and pseudowords were presented in the congruent and incongruent conditions. The results again showed congruency effects at the P200 for low-frequency words and pseudowords, but not for high-frequency words. Lexicality and lexical frequency effects showed up at the N400 component. The results suggest a dissociation between syllabic and lexical effects with important consequences for models of visual word recognition.

Spotting psychopaths using technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hulbert ◽  
Hojjat Adeli
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
General Point ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Psychopathic Personality Inventory ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist Revised ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

AbstractFor the past three and a half decades, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the self-report Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) have been the standard measures for the diagnosis of psychopathy. Technological approaches can enhance these diagnostic methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review of various technological approaches for spotting psychopathy, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and other measures. Results of EEG event-related potential (ERP) experiments support the theory that impaired amygdala function may be responsible for abnormal fear processing in psychopathy, which can ultimately manifest as psychopathic traits, as outlined by the PCL-R or PPI-R. Imaging studies, in general, point to reduced fear processing capabilities in psychopathic individuals. While the human element, introduced through researcher/participant interactions, can be argued as unequivocally necessary for diagnosis, these purely objective technological approaches have proven to be useful in conjunction with the subjective interviewing and questionnaire methods for differentiating psychopaths from non-psychopaths. Furthermore, these technologies are more robust than behavioral measures, which have been shown to fail.

Going AWOL in the Brain: Mind Wandering Reduces Cortical Analysis of External Events

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Smallwood ◽  
Emily Beach ◽  
Jonathan W. Schooler ◽  
Todd C. Handy
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Self Report ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
Response Task ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Subjective Reports

Converging evidence from neuroscience suggests that our attention to the outside world waxes and wanes over time. We examined whether these periods of “mind wandering” are associated with reduced cortical analysis of the external environment. Participants performed a sustained attention to response task in which they responded to frequent “nontargets” (digits 0–9) and withheld responses for infrequent “targets” (the letter X). Mind wandering was defined both behaviorally, indicated by a failure to withhold a response to a target, and subjectively, via self-report at a thought probe. The P300 event-related potential component for nontargets was reduced prior to both the behavioral and subjective reports of mind wandering, relative to periods of being “on-task.” Regression analysis of P300 amplitude revealed significant common variance between behavioral and subjective markers of mind wandering, suggesting that both markers reflect a common underlying mental state. Finally, control analysis revealed that the effect of mind wandering on the P300 could not be ascribed to changes in motor activity nor was it associated with general arousal. Our data suggest that when trying to engage attention in a sustained manner, the mind will naturally ebb and flow in the depth of cognitive analysis it applies to events in the external environment.

scholarly journals S138. A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ILLNESS INSIGHT MEASURED BY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERN PATTERNS AND MMPI RESULTS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S88-S88
Author(s):  
Min-Hyeon Park ◽  
Seung-Yup Lee ◽  
Kyu-In Jung ◽  
Eunhye Choi ◽  
Yerin Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Validity Scales ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential waveform peaking about 50 ms after error commission in choice-response tasks and may indicate a conflict between neural representations of correct and incorrect responses as stimulus processing continues after an error. Most previous studies consistently reported a reduced event-related potential (ERP) amplitude in patients with schizophrenia compared with normal controls. Some self-report measures derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are known to be associated with clinical observations in carefully diagnosed schizophrenia patients. In the MMPI, an elevation of the validity scales in the MMPI best distinguishes patients with schizophrenia from patients feigning schizophrenia, and the MMPI validity scales are known to provide a good reflection of illness insight in schizophrenia. Both the amplitudes of the Pe of the ERN and the scores of the MMPI validity scales are supposed to reflect, directly or indirectly, the illness insight of patients with schizophrenia. When the abovementioned results obtained in studies on the ERN or MMPI in patients with schizophrenia are taken together, we may presume that a certain relationship exists between the results of the ERN and the MMPI validity scales in terms of illness insight. Interestingly, as far as we know, there are no published studies that looked at the results of the ERN and the MMPI at the same time. We tried to perform an integrative examination of the relationship between the results of the ERN and MMPI tests in patients with schizophrenia as a method of measuring illness insight in patients with schizophrenia. Methods We reviewed the medical records of who were diagnosed as having schizophrenia based on the DSM-5. The protocol for the general ERP and ERN are as follows. 64 channels with M1 and M2 as reference electrodes Impedance: < 1 kΩ ERN: 1000 ms ERPs were recorded while the patients were performing the Stroop test. Independently of the ERP recording, the patients received an MMPI test. The relationship between the latency and amplitude of the ERN and the demographic and clinical variables was analyzed by a t-test, and correlation analyses were used for categorical and continuous variables. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Of the total 18 patients (8 men and 10 women; age = 41.6 ± 15.8) whose data were reviewed, 5 were excluded due to poor understanding of the ERN instructions. Table 1. Demographic and clinical information of participated patients with schizophrenia Table 2. Partial correlation coefficients on variables after controlling for age and gender. Discussion The results for the association of ERN amplitude and latency with the MMPI validity scales showed that latency measures were positively associated with the MMPI validity scales that were related to the assessment of the overestimation of responses. Individuals who tended to exaggerate problems through over-responses showed increased ERN amplitude but decreased ERN Pe amplitude. Although caution is needed to interpret the results of this study due to limitations, our results suggest that ERP measurement could act as a biological marker for endophenotype in schizophrenia. Furthermore, ERP measurement might be used to visualize or to make concrete illness insight, which by its nature is difficult to measure objectively. References

Differential Lateralization for Words and Faces: Category or Psychophysics?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2070-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Mercure ◽  
Frederic Dick ◽  
Hanife Halit ◽  
Jordy Kaufman ◽  
Mark H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Size ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
N170 Amplitude ◽  
Presentation Time

This set of three experiments assessed the influence of different psychophysical factors on the lateralization of the N170 event-related potential (ERP) component to words and faces. In all experiments, words elicited a left-lateralized N170, whereas faces elicited a right-lateralized or nonlateralized N170 depending on presentation conditions. Experiment 1 showed that lateralization for words (but not for faces) was influenced by spatial frequency. Experiment 2 showed that stimulus presentation time influenced N170 lateralization independently of spatial frequency composition. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that stimulus size and resolution did not influence N170 lateralization, but did influence N170 amplitude, albeit differentially for words and faces. These findings suggest that differential lateralization for words and faces, at least as measured by the N170, is influenced by spatial frequency (words), stimulus presentation time, and category.

Brain and personality bases of insensitivity to infant cues in neglectful mothers: An event-related potential study

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Rodrigo ◽  
Inmaculada León ◽  
Ileana Quiñones ◽  
Agustín Lage ◽  
Sonia Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Social Anhedonia ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
N170 Amplitude ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Infant Cries ◽  
Infant Cues

AbstractThis investigation examined the neural and personality correlates of processing infant facial expressions in mothers with substantiated neglect of a child under 5 years old. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 14 neglectful and 14 control mothers as they viewed and categorized pictures of infant cries, laughs, and neutral faces. Maternal self-reports of anhedonia and empathy were also completed. Early (negative occipitotemporal component peaking at around 170 ms on the scalp [N170] and positive electrical potential peaking at about 200 ms [P200]) and late positive potential (LPP) components were selected. Both groups of mothers showed behavioral discrimination between the different facial expressions via reaction time and accuracy measures. Neglectful mothers did not exhibit increased N170 amplitude at temporal leads in response to viewing crying versus laughing and neutral expressions compared to control mothers. Both groups had greater P200 and LPP amplitudes at centroparietal leads in response to viewing crying versus neutral facial expressions. However, neglectful mothers displayed an overall attenuated brain response in LPP that was related to their higher scores in social anhedonia but not to their empathy scores. The ERP data suggest that the brain's failures in the early differentiation of cry stimuli and in the sustained processing of infant expressions related to social anhedonia may underlie the insensitive responding in neglectful mothers. The implications of these results for the design and evaluation of preventive interventions are discussed.

Prior Emotional Context Modulates Early Event-Related Potentials to Neutral Retrieval Cues

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1755-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly J. Bowen ◽  
Eric C. Fields ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Neutral Context ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Related Potentials

Memory retrieval is thought to involve the reactivation of encoding processes. Previous fMRI work has indicated that reactivation processes are modulated by the residual effects of the prior emotional encoding context; different spatial patterns emerge during retrieval of memories previously associated with negative compared with positive or neutral context. Other research suggests that event-related potential (ERP) indicators of memory retrieval processes, like the left parietal old/new effect, can also be modulated by emotional context, but the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of these effects are unclear. In the current study, we examined “when” emotion affects recognition memory and whether that timing reflects processes that come before and may guide successful retrieval or postrecollection recovery of emotional episodic detail. While recording EEG, participants ( n = 25) viewed neutral words paired with negative, positive, or neutral pictures during encoding, followed by a recognition test for the words. Analyses focused on ERPs during the recognition test. In line with prior ERP studies, we found an early positive-going parietally distributed effect starting around 200 msec after retrieval-cue onset. This effect emerged for words that had been encoded in an emotional compared with neutral context (no valence differences), before the general old/new effect. This emotion-dependent effect occurred in an early time window, suggesting that emotion-related reactivation is a precursor to successful recognition.

scholarly journals Functionally independent components of early event-related potentials in a visual spatial attention task

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1135-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Makeig ◽  
Marissa Westerfield ◽  
Jeanne Townsend ◽  
Tzyy-Ping Jung ◽  
Eric Courchesne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Related Potentials

Spatial visual attention modulates the first negative–going deflection in the human averaged event–related potential (ERP) in response to visual target and non–target stimuli (the N1 complex). Here we demonstrate a decomposition of N1 into functionally independent subcomponents with functionally distinct relations to task and stimulus conditions. ERPs were collected from 20 subjects in response to visual target and non–target stimuli presented at five attended and non–attended screen locations. Independent component analysis, a new method for blind source separation, was trained simultaneously on 500 ms grand average responses from all 25 stimulus–attention conditions and decomposed the non–target N1 complexes into five spatially fixed, temporally independent and physiologically plausible components. Activity of an early, laterally symmetrical component pair (N1a R and N1a L ) was evoked by the left and right visual field stimuli, respectively. Component N1a R peaked ca. 9 ms earlier than N1a L . Central stimuli evoked both components with the same peak latency difference, producing a bilateral scalp distribution. The amplitudes of these components were not reliably augmented by spatial attention. Stimuli in the right visual field evoked activity in a spatio–temporally overlapping bilateral component (N1b) that peaked at ca. 180 ms and was strongly enhanced by attention. Stimuli presented at unattended locations evoked a fourth component (P2a) peaking near 240 ms. A fifth component (P3f) was evoked only by targets presented in either visual field. The distinct response patterns of these components across the array of stimulus and attention conditions suggest that they reflect activity in functionally independent brain systems involved in processing attended and unattended visuospatial events.

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