scholarly journals A Low-Cost Jamming Detection Approach Using Performance Metrics in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Carolina Del-Valle-Soto ◽  
Carlos Mex-Perera ◽  
Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores ◽  
Alma Rodríguez ◽  
Julio C. Rosas-Caro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Jamming Detection ◽  
Minimal Energy Expenditure

Wireless Sensor Networks constitute an important part of the Internet of Things, and in a similar way to other wireless technologies, seek competitiveness concerning savings in energy consumption and information availability. These devices (sensors) are typically battery operated and distributed throughout a scenario of particular interest. However, they are prone to interference attacks which we know as jamming. The detection of anomalous behavior in the network is a subject of study where the routing protocol and the nodes increase power consumption, which is detrimental to the network’s performance. In this work, a simple jamming detection algorithm is proposed based on an exhaustive study of performance metrics related to the routing protocol and a significant impact on node energy. With this approach, the proposed algorithm detects areas of affected nodes with minimal energy expenditure. Detection is evaluated for four known cluster-based protocols: PEGASIS, TEEN, LEACH, and HPAR. The experiments analyze the protocols’ performance through the metrics chosen for a jamming detection algorithm. Finally, we conducted real experimentation with the best performing wireless protocols currently used, such as Zigbee and LoRa.

A STATIC-LEACH WSNs for Hazardous Materials Monitoring

2012 ◽  
Vol 463-464 ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
Fei Hui ◽  
Xiao Le Wang ◽  
Xin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Hazardous Materials Transportation ◽  
Adaptive Clustering

In this paper, hazardous materials transportation monitoring system is designed, implemented, and tested using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). According to energy consumption and response time during clustering of Wireless Sensor Networks LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol, we proposed STATIC-LEACH routing protocol based on static clustering, it can effectively reduce energy consumption of the wireless sensor nodes and reduce network latency of cluster. With WSN and GSM/GPRS, low cost and easy deployment remote monitoring is possible without interfering with the operation of the transportation.

scholarly journals A Secure Communication in IoT Enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Cities

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Ali ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Ahmad Shaf ◽  
Abdullah Saeed Alwadie ◽  
Ahthasham Sajid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Secure Communication ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Acoustic Medium ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Second Phase

Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Networks (I-UWSN) are mostly used for monitoring and exploring the environment with the help of smart technology, such as smart cities. The acoustic medium is used in underwater communication and radio frequency is mostly used for wireless sensor networks to make communication more reliable. Therefore, some challenging tasks still exist in I-UWSN, i.e., selection of multiple nodes’ reliable paths towards the sink nodes; and efficient topology of the network. In this research, the novel routing protocol, namely Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL), for dynamic topology is proposed to support smart city. TBRL works in three phases. In the first phase, it discovers the topology of each node in network area using a topology discovery algorithm. In the second phase, the reliability of each established link has been determined while using two nodes reliable model for a smart environment. This reliability model reduces the chances of horizontal and higher depth level communication between nodes and selects next reliable forwarders. In the third phase, all paths are examined and the most reliable path is selected to send data packets. TBRL is simulated with the help of a network simulator tool (NS-2 AquaSim). The TBRL is compared with other well known routing protocols, i.e., Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Reliable Energy-efficient Routing Protocol (R-ERP2R), to check the performance in terms of end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption of a network. Furthermore, the reliability of TBRL is compared with 2H-ACK and 3H-RM. The simulation results proved that TBRL performs approximately 15% better as compared to DBR and 10% better as compared to R-ERP2R in terms of aforementioned performance metrics.

scholarly journals Simulating and Analysing the Impact of Routing Protocols on Different Parameters of WSNs

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Anish Soni ◽  
Rajneesh Randhawa
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Stress Sensors ◽  
The Impact

Energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks has become an essential requirement and is the main issue for researchers. Various routing, data dissemination and energy efficient protocols have been designed for Wireless Sensor Networks where energy issue has been given more stress. Sensors in wireless sensor networks work on battery and have limited energy. Hence, network has limited lifetime. Routing protocol plays a major role in deciding for how much time a network will survive. All routing algorithms tend to increase the lifetime of WSN while maintaining factors like successful and real-time delivery of a message. This paper aims towards studying different categories of routing protocols and finally four hierarchical routing protocols LEACH, EHRP, SEP and FAIR have been simulated. The performance of each routing protocol has been measured on some performance metrics like network lifetime, packets transferred to BS, number of dead nodes etc and finally concluded that how a routing protocol can impact the network lifetime.

scholarly journals RBM: Region-Based Mobile Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahad Mukhtar ◽  
Muhammad Shiraz ◽  
Qaisar Shaheen ◽  
Kamran Ahsan ◽  
Rizwan Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Normal Ranges

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are employed for different applications for the reason of small-sized and low-cost sensor nodes. However, several challenges that include a low powered battery of the sensor nodes restrict their functionality. Therefore, saving energy in the routing process to extend network life is a serious concern while deploying applications on WSN. To this end, the key technology is clustering, which helps maximize scalability and network lifecycle. Base station (BS) collects data, aggregates it, and extracts the required information. To obtain the maximum outcome, the lifetime of the network is maximized by the use of different techniques and protocols. Data transmissions consume most of the network energy, and the transmissions over normal ranges require less energy as compared to transmissions over long ranges. Moreover, the nodes closer to the BS deplete their energy faster as compared to distant nodes because of traffic overload. The proposed protocol is aimed at reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime. For this purpose, the network is divided into two regions: region 1 closer to the BS communicating directly, whereas region 2 farther away from the BS having routing nodes to communicate with the BS. Routing nodes do not take part in sensing function but will only move in region 2 collecting data and forwarding it to BS. MATLAB is used as the simulation tool for evaluation, and the results are compared with the existing optimized region-based efficient routing (AORED) and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchical protocol (LEACH) techniques. The comparison showed that energy conservation and lifetime increased by 15%, and throughput is increased by more than 5% approximately.

Reliable Cluster-Based Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 2147-2151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Gwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Sink Node ◽  
Wireless Link ◽  
Simulation Results

With advanced micro-electromechanical technology, the development of small-size, low-cost, and low-power sensors that possess sensing, signal processing and wireless communication capabilities is becoming popular than ever. To achieve the energy efficiency in the wireless sensor networks, LEACH has been proposed as a routing protocol, composing of a few clusters, each of which consists of member nodes that sense the data, and head nodes that deliver the collected data from member nodes to a sink node. When wireless link error occurs, LEACH may miss some messages because of only one cluster head. As our proposed scheme manages two cluster heads for each cluster, there should be higher probabilities for messages to reach the sink node. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm provides more robust than LEACH when wireless link error occurs.

scholarly journals Energy sink-holes avoidance method based on fuzzy system in wireless sensor networks

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1776
Author(s):  
Mohammed D. Aljubaily ◽  
Imad Alshawi
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Sink ◽  
Mobility Method

The existence of a mobile sink for gathering data significantly extends wireless sensor networks (WSNs) lifetime. In recent years, a variety of efficient rendezvous points-based sink mobility approaches has been proposed for avoiding the energy sink-holes problem nearby the sink, diminishing buffer overflow of sensors, and reducing the data latency. Nevertheless, lots of research has been carried out to sort out the energy holes problem using controllable-based sink mobility methods. However, further developments can be demonstrated and achieved on such type of mobility management system. In this paper, a well-rounded strategy involving an energy-efficient routing protocol along with a controllable-based sink mobility method is proposed to extirpate the energy sink-holes problem. This paper fused the fuzzy A-star as a routing protocol for mitigating the energy consumption during data forwarding along with a novel sink mobility method which adopted a grid partitioning system and fuzzy system that takes account of the average residual energy, sensors density, average traffic load, and sources angles to detect the optimal next location of the mobile sink. By utilizing diverse performance metrics, the empirical analysis of our proposed work showed an outstanding result as compared with fuzzy A-star protocol in the case of a static sink.

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