scholarly journals Access to Higher Education in French Africa South of the Sahara

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Educational Situation

This article examines the evolution of the educational situation in French West Africa (FWA) and French Equatorial Africa (FEA) from the onset of colonization until independence. Our central theme is the tragic deprivation endured by the public school system, especially in FEA, which handed over primary education to Catholic missions and slowed down secondary education; in FWA, only one university was belatedly created in Senegal (1958). The education of girls remained non-existent. The article is based upon a large number of mostly unpublished doctoral works, a handful of published studies, and half a century of personal inquiries, conducted mainly in Gabon, Congo and Senegal. This paper establishes a connection between the lack of political skills based upon Western standards of the colonized peoples on the eve of independence to the training of their civil servants which was drastically limited to secondary school education and the major hurdles involved in obtaining French nationality except for the residents of the Four Communes of Senegal. At the time of independence, only a few thousand colonized people had reached the level of university that was being established in the early 1950s; even fewer received scholarships to study in France. This shortage of trained personnel in administration and education required massive recourse to French “coopérants”, whose presence would only gradually diminish from the 1970s.

Piety and Privilege

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom O'Donoghue ◽  
Judith Harford
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
The Church

During the period 1922–1967 the Catholic Church in Ireland opposed any notion of joint responsibility between laity and clergy for secondary school education. The State also permitted the Church to pursue its major interest in education in secondary schools. Unhindered, the Church thus was able to promote within the schools sets of practices aimed at ‘the salvation of souls’ and at the reproduction of a loyal middle class along with priests, brothers, and nuns to maintain and expand the institution. The State for its part supported that arrangement as the Church also acted on its behalf in aiming to produce a literate and numerate citizenry, in pursuing nation building and in ensuring the preparation of an adequate number of secondary school graduates to address the needs of the public service and the professions. All of that took place at a financial cost much lower than the provision of a totally State-funded system of schooling would have entailed.

scholarly journals Poor Knowledge of the Harmful Effects of Shisha Among Shisha Smokers: Findings from a Preliminary Survey in Northwest Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi ◽  
Faruk Abdullahi Mohammed ◽  
Njideka Jacob Nwafor ◽  
Omotayo Francis Fagbule ◽  
Miracle Ayomikun Adesina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract Background: Tobacco smoking is an addictive behavior with heavy risks accompanying its prolonged practice. Unfortunately, more and more people are indulging in tobacco smoking habits despite the public health education programs going on worldwide about the dangers associated with tobacco smoking behavior. This study aims to survey active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area (LGA), Kebbi State, Nigeria, on the awareness of the harmful effects associated with shisha smoking. Methods: This study was a survey of 45 active shisha smokers in Birnin Kebbi LGA. Snowballing technique was adopted in participants’ recruitment. Study instrument was a questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Majority (32/45) of the participants were males, 16 had secondary school education, and 19 were within age range of 15 to 24 years. The majority (25/45) of them began to smoke shisha at the age of 18 years or more; also, 20 participants smoked shisha in all the 30 days prior to their participation in this study. Less than half of the study participants knew that: shisha is a stimulant (6/45), shisha smoke contains carbon monoxide (10/45), and the liquid in shisha could be replaced with alcohol (15/45). However, more than half of the participants knew that shisha contains nicotine (23/45) and tobacco (25/45). Only 16, 13, 11, 9, 5, 10, and 13 participants knew that shisha smoking could lead to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, increase in the risk of infections, reduced baby weight in pregnancy, gum and mouth disease, eye disease and blindness, and harm to non-smokers, respectively. Conclusion: Many of the active shisha smokers surveyed in this study began smoking shisha at a young age. Also, a significant proportion of them were unaware of the health hazards associated with shisha use; hence the need to educate them and even the Nigerian public on the dangers associated with shisha use.

ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ СОГЛАСОВАНИЯ ГУМАНИТАРНОГО СТИЛЯ МЫШЛЕНИЯ И ЕСТСТВЕННОНАУЧНОГО ЗНАНИЯ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ ВУЗА// Academy Journal No.5(17), 2019/ Chief Editor Susan Belih /OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences). Tallinn, Estonia. 09.05.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - pp. 45-53.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Раиса Николаевна Афонина ◽  
Людмила Константиновна Синцова
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Interactive Teaching ◽  
European Academy ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Practice

В статье рассматривается проблема согласования гуманитарного стиля мышления и естественнонаучного знания. Практика показывает, что у студентов, выбравших для обучения гуманитарные специальности, преобладает гуманитарное мышление. Оно сформировано условиями профильного обучения в средней школе и продолжает развиваться на этапе получения высшего образования. Гуманитарный тип мышления характеризуется диалогичностью, вариативностью, креативностью, самостоятельностью в освоении новых знаний, способностью к интеллектуальным изобретениям и экспериментам с неизвестными и неочевидными результатами, к рефлексивности и критичности результатов деятельности. Важнейшими условиями повышения эффективности в освоении содержания естественнонаучных дисциплин студентами-гуманитариями являются учет возможностей и познавательных интересов студентов, использование резервов учебной информации, интерактивных методов обучения.The article deals with the problem of harmonizing the humanitarian style of thinking and natural science knowledge. Practice shows that students who choose humanities to study in humanities have humanitarian thinking that prevails. It is shaped by the profile of secondary school education and continues to evolve at the stage of higher education. The humanitarian type of thinking is characterized by dialogue, variability, creativity, autonomy in the development of new knowledge, the ability to intellectual inventions and experiments with unknown and non-obvious results, to reflexivity and criticality of the results of activities. The most important conditions for increasing the effectiveness in mastering the content of natural science disciplines by students of the humanities are taking into account the capabilities and cognitive interests of students, the use of reserves of educational information, interactive teaching methods.

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