Evaluation of a Public Technology-Based Traffic Enforcement Program

While police enforcement is a well-known means of reducing traffic violations, it is also recognized that other agents should be involved in creating sustainable deterrence. This paper describes and evaluates the Israeli Road Guards program, a new and unique type of traffic enforcement, which enables simple technology-based enforcement of traffic violations by citizens. In its 24 months of operation, more than 3400 volunteers who submitted over 64,000 violation reports were involved in this program. Each report went through a rigorous evaluation process. More than 80% of the submitted reports were rejected in the various stages of the procedure. In 13.7% of the cases a notice letter was sent, and in 4.3% of cases (reflecting the most severe offenses) a citation was issued by the police. The monthly rate of report submission by the volunteers was at its highest initially, then decreased and stabilized after about six months at 1.4 reports per month. The proportion of active volunteers also decreased over time to a level of 0.26 at the end of the study period. The violation types reported within the program differed substantially from those captured by police enforcement. These differences are likely due to the manner in which each mode of enforcement was performed. The most common violations reported by volunteers were lane deviations, red light running and driving on the roads’ shoulders, which are easily documented by means of video recordings. They are also associated with higher crash risks. Thus, the results show that such public technology-based traffic enforcement, which can be carried out during regular daily driving and does not require anyone to make extra trips, may efficiently complement traditional police enforcement.

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Assessment of Drivers’ Perceptions of Various Police Enforcement Strategies and Associated Penalties and Rewards

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2017/5169176 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Khaled Shaaban

Keyword(s):

Red Light ◽

Point System ◽

Traffic Enforcement ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Face To Face ◽

Road Crashes ◽

Traffic System ◽

Police Enforcement ◽

Traffic Tickets ◽

Speed Enforcement

Road crashes are a major cause of death in many countries. Qatar has been battling to improve road safety on several fronts using different strategies, including road policing. The purpose of this study is to ascertain drivers’ perceptions towards five existing and four proposed police traffic enforcement strategies and associated penalties and rewards in Qatar using face-to-face surveys. The results show that red-light running cameras were perceived to be the most successful existing strategy. The high violation fine and the automation of the system were mentioned as the main reasons for making this strategy the most successful. Three of the existing strategies, fixed-speed enforcement cameras, police enforcement, and mobile speed cameras, were conferred almost the same success percentage, followed by the demerit point system. Regarding the proposed strategies, rewarding safe drivers was selected by the participants as the most successful proposed strategy, followed by introducing more automated enforcement methods. Community service for traffic tickets came in third, followed by defensive driving school. These results can be used to influence future enhancements of existing strategies and guide the development of future traffic strategies being introduced in the traffic system.

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Evaluation of Automated Enforcement Program in Amman

Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering ◽

10.3311/pptr.10939 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hana Naghawi ◽

Bushra Al Qatawneh ◽

Rabab Al Louzi

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Red Light ◽

Crash Frequency ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Red Light Cameras ◽

Percent Confidence Level ◽

Before And After ◽

Traffic Violations

This study aims, in a first attempt, to evaluate the effectiveness of using the Automated Enforcement Program (AEP) to improve traffic safety in Amman, Jordan. The evaluation of the program on crashes and violations was examined based on a “before-and-after” study using the paired t-test at 95 percent confidence level. Twenty one locations including signalized intersections monitored by red light cameras and arterial roads monitored by excessive speed cameras were selected. Nine locations were used to study the effectiveness of the program on violations, and twelve locations were used to determine the effectiveness of the program on frequency and severity of crashes. Data on number and severity of crashes were taken from Jordan Traffic Institution. Among the general findings, it was found that the AEP was generally associated with positive impact on crashes. Crash frequency was significantly reduced by up to 63%. Crash severities were reduced by up to 62.5%. Also, traffic violations were significantly reduced by up to 66%. Finally, drivers’ opinion and attitude on the program was also analyzed using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey revealed that 35.5% of drivers are unaware of AEP in Amman, 63.9% of drivers don’t know the camera locations, most drivers knew about excessive speed and red light running penalties, most drivers reduce their speed at camera locations, 44.4% of drivers think that the program satisfies its objective in improving traffic safety and 52% of drivers encourage increasing the number of camera devices in Amman.

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Comparison of Red-Light Running (RLR) and Yellow-Light Running (YLR) traffic violations in the cities of Enna and Thessaloniki

Transportation Research Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 947-954 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tiziana Campisi ◽

Giovanni Tesoriere ◽

Antonino Canale ◽

Socrates Basbas ◽

Panagiotis Vaitsis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Light ◽

Yellow Light ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Traffic Violations

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Red-light running traffic violations: A novel time-based method for determining a fine structure

Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice ◽

10.1016/j.tra.2016.08.015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 55-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fatemeh Baratian-Ghorghi ◽

Huaguo Zhou ◽

Wesley C. Zech

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Red Light ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Traffic Violations

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Autonomous Vehicles and Vulnerable Road-Users—Important Considerations and Requirements Based on Crash Data from Two Countries

Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.3390/bs11070101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Andrew Paul Morris ◽

Narelle Haworth ◽

Ashleigh Filtness ◽

Daryl-Palma Asongu Nguatem ◽

Laurie Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Red Light ◽

Road User ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Crash Data ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Road Users ◽

Vulnerable Road User ◽

Vulnerable Road Users ◽

Road Intersections

(1) Background: Passenger vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) functionalities are becoming more prevalent within vehicle fleets. However, the full effects of offering such systems, which may allow for drivers to become less than 100% engaged with the task of driving, may have detrimental impacts on other road-users, particularly vulnerable road-users, for a variety of reasons. (2) Crash data were analysed in two countries (Great Britain and Australia) to examine some challenging traffic scenarios that are prevalent in both countries and represent scenarios in which future connected and autonomous vehicles may be challenged in terms of safe manoeuvring. (3) Road intersections are currently very common locations for vulnerable road-user accidents; traffic flows and road-user behaviours at intersections can be unpredictable, with many vehicles behaving inconsistently (e.g., red-light running and failure to stop or give way), and many vulnerable road-users taking unforeseen risks. (4) Conclusions: The challenges of unpredictable vulnerable road-user behaviour at intersections (including road-users violating traffic or safe-crossing signals, or taking other risks) combined with the lack of knowledge of CAV responses to intersection rules, could be problematic. This could be further compounded by changes to nonverbal communication that currently exist between road-users, which could become more challenging once CAVs become more widespread.

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A High School Equivalency Program for Visually Impaired Students

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness ◽

10.1177/0145482x7907300105 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 26-27

Author(s):

Ellen Benson Trief

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Visually Impaired ◽

Evaluation Process ◽

High School Equivalency ◽

Rigorous Evaluation ◽

High School Equivalency Program ◽

Literature History ◽

Visually Impaired Students

A high school equivalency program for the visually impaired includes a rigorous evaluation process to determine if the person would make a good candidate for instruction. The instruction includes the teaching of math, spelling and grammar, literature, history, and science. The use of various materials, special aids and modifications for visually impaired students is discussed.

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Comparing Sources of Disruptions to Telemedicine-Enabled Stroke Care in an Ambulance

HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal ◽

10.1177/19375867211054759 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193758672110547

Author(s):

Sahar Mihandoust ◽

Anjali Joseph ◽

Kapil Chalil Madathil ◽

Hunter Rogers ◽

Roxana Jafarifiroozabadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Process ◽

Stroke Care ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Impact Location ◽

Remote Assessment ◽

Computer Workstation ◽

Adequate Evaluation ◽

The Right ◽

Evaluation Space ◽

Care Evaluation

Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the nature and source of disruptions in an ambulance during the telemedicine-based caregiving process for stroke patients to enhance the ambulance design for supporting telemedicine-based care. Background: Telemedicine is emerging as an efficient approach to provide timely remote assessment of patients experiencing acute stroke in an ambulance. These consults are facilitated by connecting the patient and paramedic with a remotely located neurologist and nurse using cameras, audio systems, and computers. However, ambulances are typically retrofitted to support telemedicine-enabled care, and the placement of these systems inside the ambulance might lead to spatial challenges and disruptions during patient evaluation. Method: Video recordings of 13 simulated telemedicine-based stroke consults were coded and analyzed using an existing systems-based flow disruption (FD) taxonomy. For each observed disruption—the type, severity or impact, location in the ambulance, and equipment involved in the disruption were recorded. Results: Seat size, arrangement of assessment equipment, location of telemedicine equipment (computer workstation), and design of telemedicine camera were among the factors that impacted telemedicine-related disruptions. The left ambulance seat zone and head of the patient bed were more involved in environmental hazard–related disruptions, while the right zone of the ambulance was more prone to interruptions and communication-related disruptions. Conclusion: Adequate evaluation space for the paramedic, proper placement of evaluation equipment, and telemedicine computer location could facilitate the stroke care evaluation process and reduce FDs in the ambulance.

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Real-Time Prediction of Vehicle Trajectories for Proactively Identifying Risky Driving Behaviors at High-Speed Intersections

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118797211 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (38) ◽

pp. 233-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chaopeng Tan ◽

Nan Zhou ◽

Fen Wang ◽

Keshuang Tang ◽

Yangbeibei Ji

Keyword(s):

Phase Transition ◽

High Speed ◽

Red Light ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Risky Driving ◽

Red Light Running ◽

Driving Behaviors ◽

Vehicle Trajectories ◽

Single Vehicle ◽

Risky Driving Behaviors

At high-speed intersections in many Chinese cities, a traffic-light warning sequence at the end of the green phase—three seconds of flashing green followed by three seconds of yellow—is commonly implemented. Such a long phase transition time leads to heterogeneous decision-making by approaching drivers as to whether to pass the signal or stop. Therefore, risky driving behaviors such as red-light running, abrupt stop, and aggressive pass are more likely to occur at these intersections. Proactive identification of risky behaviors can facilitate mitigation of the dilemma zone and development of on-board safety altering strategies. In this study, a real-time vehicle trajectory prediction method is proposed to help identify risky behaviors during the signal phase transition. Two cases are considered and treated differently in the proposed method: a single vehicle case and a following vehicle case. The adaptive Kalman filter (KF) model and the K-nearest neighbor model are integrated to predict vehicle trajectories. The adaptive KF model and intelligent driver model are fused to predict the following vehicles’ trajectories. The proposed models are calibrated and validated using 1,281 vehicle trajectories collected at three high-speed intersections in Shanghai. Results indicate that the root mean square error between the predicted trajectories and the actual trajectories is 5.02 m for single vehicles and 2.33 m for following vehicles. The proposed method is further applied to predict risky behaviors, including red-light running, abrupt stop, aggressive pass, speeding pass, and aggressive following. The overall prediction accuracy is 95.1% for the single vehicle case and 96.2% for the following vehicle case.

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