scholarly journals Symmetry Transformations in Metazoan Evolution and Development

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Valeria V. Isaeva ◽  
Nickolay V. Kasyanov
Keyword(s):  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Symmetry Transformations ◽  
Hox Code

In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.

scholarly journals De novo construction of a transcriptome for the stink bug crop pest Chinavia impicticornis during late development

Gigabyte ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bruno C. Genevcius ◽  
Tatiana T. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Chinavia impicticornis is a neotropical stink bug of economic importance for various crops. Little is known about the development of the species, or the genetic mechanisms that may favor the establishment of populations in cultivated plants. Here, we conduct the first large-scale molecular study of C. impicticornis. Using tissues derived from the genitalia and the rest of the body for two immature stages of both males and females, we generated RNA-seq data, then assembled and functionally annotated a transcriptome. The de novo-assembled transcriptome contained around 400,000 contigs, with an average length of 688 bp. After pruning duplicated sequences and conducting a functional annotation, the final annotated transcriptome comprised 39,478 transcripts, of which 12,665 were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) terms. These novel datasets will be invaluable for the discovery of molecular processes related to morphogenesis and immature biology. We hope to contribute to the growing body of research on stink bug evolution and development, as well as to the development of biorational pest management solutions.

scholarly journals Parallelism in Flower Evolution and Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Wessinger ◽  
Lena C. Hileman
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Mutational Bias ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Flower Evolution

Flower evolution is characterized by widespread repetition, with adaptations to pollinator environment evolving in parallel. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the developmental basis of adaptive floral novelties—petal fusion, bilateral symmetry, heterostyly, and floral dimensions. In this article, we describe patterns of trait evolution and review developmental genetic mechanisms underlying floral novelties. We discuss the diversity of mechanisms for parallel adaptation, the evidence for constraints on these mechanisms, and how constraints help explain observed macroevolutionary patterns. We describe parallel evolution resulting from similarities at multiple hierarchical levels—genetic, developmental, morphological, functional—which indicate general principles in floral evolution, including the central role of hormone signaling. An emerging pattern is mutational bias that may contribute to rapid patterns of parallel evolution, especially if the derived trait can result from simple degenerative mutations. We argue that such mutational bias may be less likely to govern the evolution of novelties patterned by complex developmental pathways.

scholarly journals Symmetry Results for Nonvariational Quasi-Linear Elliptic Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Montoro ◽  
Berardino Sciunzi ◽  
Marco Squassina
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
Comparison Principle ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Elliptic Systems ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Bounded Domains ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Regular Solutions ◽  
Variational Form ◽  
Weak Comparison Principle

AbstractBy virtue of a weak comparison principle in small domains we prove axial symmetry in convex and symmetric smooth bounded domains as well as radial symmetry in balls for regular solutions of a class of quasi-linear elliptic systems in non-variational form. Moreover, in the two dimensional case, we study the system when set in a half-space.

scholarly journals Cilia-mediated Hedgehog signaling controls form and function in the mammalian larynx

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M Tabler ◽  
Maggie M Rigney ◽  
Gordon J Berman ◽  
Swetha Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Eglantine Heude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Vocal Apparatus ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
And Function

Acoustic communication is fundamental to social interactions among animals, including humans. In fact, deficits in voice impair the quality of life for a large and diverse population of patients. Understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of development and function in the vocal apparatus is thus an important challenge with relevance both to the basic biology of animal communication and to biomedicine. However, surprisingly little is known about the developmental biology of the mammalian larynx. Here, we used genetic fate mapping to chart the embryological origins of the tissues in the mouse larynx, and we describe the developmental etiology of laryngeal defects in mice with disruptions in cilia-mediated Hedgehog signaling. In addition, we show that mild laryngeal defects correlate with changes in the acoustic structure of vocalizations. Together, these data provide key new insights into the molecular genetics of form and function in the mammalian vocal apparatus.

Topological Patterns in Metazoan Evolution and Development

2006 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 2053-2067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Isaeva ◽  
Eugene Presnov ◽  
Alexey Chernyshev
Keyword(s):  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Evolution And Development

Secular IQ Increases by Epigenesis? The Hypothesis of Cognitive Genotype Optimization

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred F. Greiffenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Mandatory Education ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Maturation

The short timescale of massive secular IQ gains (“Flynn Effect”) is inconsistent with positive selection of a recent gene mutation, but other genetic mechanisms are possible. Principles of evolutionary psychology, combined with secular trends, suggest an epigenetic explanation: the Cognitive Genome Optimization Hypothesis. Per life-history theory, favorable secular trends may change the phenotypic expression of the genotype which controls the neurophysiology of problem solving. The hypothesis posits two intermediate steps between reliable nutrition (the starting point) and higher IQs (ending point): (1) Earlier cognitive maturation and (2) further calibration of cognitive function by reliable social resources (cultural complexity, mandatory education). Unlike earlier generations, more resources can be deployed to cognitive maturation than to physical survival, and more time is available to calibrate cognitive processing into the upper end of the trait value range for intelligence. The secular trend of earlier puberty timing is critical: data show an association between puberty and higher IQ.

scholarly journals Evolution of, and via, Developmental Plasticity: Insights through the Study of Scaling Relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1346-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Casasa ◽  
Armin P Moczek
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Genetic Accommodation ◽  
Developmental Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

AbstractScaling relationships emerge from differential growth of body parts relative to each other. As such, scaling relationships are at least in part the product of developmental plasticity. While some of the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying scaling relationships are starting to be elucidated, how these mechanisms evolve and give rise to the enormous diversity of allometric scaling observed in nature is less understood. Furthermore, developmental plasticity has itself been proposed as a mechanism that facilitates adaptation and diversification, yet its role in the developmental evolution of scaling relationships remains largely unknown. In this review, we first explore how the mechanisms of scaling relationships have evolved. We primarily focus on insect development and review how pathway components and pathway interactions have evolved across taxa to regulate scaling relationships across diverse traits. We then discuss the potential role of developmental plasticity in the evolution of scaling relationships. Specifically, we address the potential role of allometric plasticity and cryptic genetic variation in allometry in facilitating divergence via genetic accommodation. Collectively, in this article, we aim to bring together two aspects of developmental plasticity: the mechanistic underpinnings of scaling relationships and their evolution, and the potential role that plasticity plays in the evolutionary diversification of scaling relationships.

Fossil Continental Diatoms: Paleolimnology, Evolution, and Biochronology

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 119-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bradbury ◽  
W. N. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Radial Symmetry ◽  
Centric Diatoms ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Pennate Diatoms

Diatoms are golden brown algae (class Bacillariophyceae) whose cellular contents are enclosed between two valves or shells of silica. They are classified into groups with radial symmetry (centric diatoms) and axial symmetry (pennate diatoms). The latter are subdivided as raphid and araphid diatoms according to the presence or absence of raphes (slit-like structures) that allow diatoms to move along firm surfaces. Many centric and some araphid diatoms are planktonic, maintained by turbulence in the limnetic region of a lake, whereas raphid diatoms live on the lake bottom or are attached to objects in the illuminated zone.

scholarly journals Tbx5 inhibits hedgehog signaling in determination of digit identity

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiting Xu ◽  
Menglan Xiang ◽  
Yushu Qin ◽  
Henghui Cheng ◽  
Duohua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
Limb Defects ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Digit Identity

Abstract Dominant TBX5 mutation causes Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), which is characterized by limb defects in humans, but the underlying mechanistic basis is unclear. We used a mouse model with Tbx5 conditional knockdown in Hh-receiving cells (marked by Gli1+) during E8 to E10.5, a previously established model to study atrial septum defects, which displayed polydactyly or hypodactyly. The results suggested that Tbx5 is required for digit identity in a subset of limb mesenchymal cells. Specifically, Tbx5 deletion in this cell population decreased cell apoptosis and increased the proliferation of handplate mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, Tbx5 was found to negatively regulate the Hh-signaling activity through transcriptional regulation of Ptch1, a known Hh-signaling repressor. Repression of Hh-signaling through Smo co-mutation in Tbx5 heterozygotes rescued the limb defects, thus placing Tbx5 upstream of Hh-signaling in limb defects. This work reveals an important missing component necessary for understanding not only limb development but also the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying HOS.

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