scholarly journals Five-Year Performance of an ESE Lightning Protection System for a Large Scale PV Power Plant in Thailand

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Rungphet Kongnok ◽  
Thanakorn Pummaitong ◽  
Boonyang Plangklang
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Performance Review ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Shading Effects ◽  
Installation Cost

This article presents a five-year performance review of an early streamer emission (ESE) air terminal lightning protection system for a large scale PV power plant in Thailand. The comparison effect of a Franklin lightning protection system and the ESE lightning protection system was analyzed for the PV power plant. The ESE lightning protection system was selected to be implemented in the PV power plant. The capacity of the PV power plant studied was 8 MWp on an area of 150,000 square meters in the Nong Ya Plong district, Phetchaburi province, Western Thailand. A Franklin lightning rod type was also designed to be implemented in this PV power plant. The Franklin lightning rod type comprised 122 pieces but the ESE lightning rod type consisted of only 11 pieces. The conceptual design of the Franklin rod type followed the standard of the Council of Engineers, Thailand, and the ESE lightning rod type followed the NFC17102 standard of France. The estimated cost of installation was a key comparison to select the lightning protection system; the total installation cost of the Franklin lightning rod type was USD 197,363.80 and the ESE lightning rod type was USD 44,338.06. The lightning system was applied to the lightning arrester in the power plant to provide good protection, in which the balance of the pole to the mounting position is required to optimize the system performance. The result of the simulation also showed that the shading effects of the Franklin rod type were greater than the ESE rod type. The installation cost of the Franklin lightning rod type was 4.45 times more expensive than the ESE lightning rod type. Therefore, the ESE lightning protection system was selected to be implemented in the PV power plant. From the recorded data of the five-year performance of the ESE lightning protection system (2016–2020), there were three occurrences of a lightning strike on the PV power plant. The ESE lightning protection system effectively protected and prevented the lightning strike to the PV power plant. This study can help and support with the selection of a lightning system for the protection of large scale PV power plants in the future.

scholarly journals Lightning Protection of High-performance Photovoltaic Power Plants: Issues of Parts to Be Covered by the Lightning Protection System

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Zoltán Tóth ◽  
István Kiss ◽  
Bálint Németh ◽  
István Berta
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Photovoltaic Power

This paper aims to represent when the primary lightning protection is not necessary for a photovoltaic power plant with a special dimension if the different security objects are not negligible during the probability and risk calculations. The calculations were made using the Probability Modulated Attractive Volume theory which is capable of special, complicated, or huge structures and objects like a high-performance photovoltaic park.

scholarly journals Estimating CO2 Emissions from Large Scale Coal-Fired Power Plants Using OCO-2 Observations and Emission Inventories

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Yaqin Hu ◽  
Yusheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Bottom Up

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased rapidly worldwide, aggravating the global greenhouse effect, and coal-fired power plants are one of the biggest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, efficient methods that can quantify CO2 emissions from individual coal-fired power plants with high accuracy are needed. In this study, we estimated the CO2 emissions of large-scale coal-fired power plants using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite data based on remote sensing inversions and bottom-up methods. First, we mapped the distribution of coal-fired power plants, displaying the total installed capacity, and identified two appropriate targets, the Waigaoqiao and Qinbei power plants in Shanghai and Henan, respectively. Then, an improved Gaussian plume model method was applied for CO2 emission estimations, with input parameters including the geographic coordinates of point sources, wind vectors from the atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate, and OCO-2 observations. The application of the Gaussian model was improved by using wind data with higher temporal and spatial resolutions, employing the physically based unit conversion method, and interpolating OCO-2 observations into different resolutions. Consequently, CO2 emissions were estimated to be 23.06 ± 2.82 (95% CI) Mt/yr using the Gaussian model and 16.28 Mt/yr using the bottom-up method for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, and 14.58 ± 3.37 (95% CI) and 14.08 Mt/yr for the Qinbei Power Plant, respectively. These estimates were compared with three standard databases for validation: the Carbon Monitoring for Action database, the China coal-fired Power Plant Emissions Database, and the Carbon Brief database. The comparison found that previous emission inventories spanning different time frames might have overestimated the CO2 emissions of one of two Chinese power plants on the two days that the measurements were made. Our study contributes to quantifying CO2 emissions from point sources and helps in advancing satellite-based monitoring techniques of emission sources in the future; this helps in reducing errors due to human intervention in bottom-up statistical methods.

A New Standard Design of Lightning Protection System for Offshore and Nearshore Oil and Gas at Tropic Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhtarus Bahroinuddin ◽  
Rosihan Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Platform ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Charge Current ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Rolling Sphere

Abstract Based on NFPA-780, offshore platforms, which made from metal framework of a structure are thought of as "grounded" to the ocean and therefore are not needed to be installed external Lightning Protection System (LPS). PHE ONWJ which located at offshore tropic area has implemented NFPA 80 but still experience lightning hit. It generated fire at vent stack andcause operations interference. So that, the objective of this study is to redesign LPS for tropic area. Firstly, the methodology for this study was conducting literature review from previous researches for lightning protection system at tropic area and researches which underlyingNFPA-780. The literature reviews were focusing on lightning characteristic for tropic area andthe lightning density data from local lighting strike monitors surrounding PHE ONWJ. The result of literature reviews would be the basis of lightning strike event reviews in PHE ONWJ facilities. Subsequently, the authors conducted the equipment layout review using rolling sphere method based on previous lightning strike location. Lastly, Authors proposed the recommendationsfor typical LPS for oil and gas at tropic area. Based on literature reviews,lightning characteristic at tropic area has peak strike current twice the sub-tropic and longer "tail" so that the charge current is larger. Larger the charge current of lightning cause greaterimpact into metal structure that is metal melting. Based on NFPA 780/2011, the offshore platform, which is made by metal, and vessel with minimum thickness 4.8 mm are self-protected. However, based on calculation, with the characteristic of lightning at tropic area, the recommendedminimum vessel thickness is 10 mm. This calculation reinforces the fact that standard of Lightning Protection System in NFPA 780/2011 is not sufficient to be applied in tropic area like Indonesia. After calculating the tropic lightning strike range using rolling sphere method, it isrecommended to redesign lightning protection system for some locations at offshore platform and near shore facilities of PHE ONWJ.The lightning protections system locations and quantities are depending on the area and the needed protected equipment in it.The installation isincluding extended mast terminal, free standing mast, low inductive Double Shielded Down Conductor(DSDC), Lightning Event Counter (LEC), and good grounding system at the platform.

scholarly journals Economic feasibility of developing large scale solar photovoltaic power plants in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Menéndez ◽  
Jorge Loredo
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Photovoltaic Energy ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Photovoltaic Power

In 2017, electricity generation from renewable sources contributed more than one quarter (30.7%) to total EU-28 gross electricity consumption. Wind power is for the first time the most important source, followed closely by hydro power. The growth in electricity from photovoltaic energy has been dramatic, rising from just 3.8 TWh in 2007, reaching a level of 119.5 TWh in 2017. Over this period, the contribution of photovoltaic energy to all electricity generated in the EU-28 from renewable energy sources increased from 0.7% to 12.3%. During this period the investment cost of a photovoltaic power plant has decreased considerably. Fundamentally, the cost of solar panels and inverters has decreased by more than 50%. The solar photovoltaic energy potential depends on two parameters: global solar irradiation and photovoltaic panel efficiency. The average solar irradiation in Spain is 1,600 kWh m-2. This paper analyzes the economic feasibility of developing large scale solar photovoltaic power plants in Spain. Equivalent hours between 800-1,800 h year-1 and output power between 100-400 MW have been considered. The profitability analysis has been carried out considering different prices of the electricity produced in the daily market (50-60 € MWh-1). Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were estimated for all scenarios analyzed. A solar PV power plant with 400 MW of power and 1,800 h year-1, reaches a NPV of 196 M€ and the IRR is 11.01%.

Study on Project of Photovoltaic Power Plant Connecting to the Grid

2013 ◽  
Vol 380-384 ◽  
pp. 3111-3114
Author(s):  
Yi Shi Shu ◽  
Li Li Ma ◽  
Chao Peng
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Photovoltaic Generation ◽  
Large Capacity ◽  
Photovoltaic Power

Large scale photovoltaic generation is another way to generate electricity.When a large capacity PV system connected to the grid,much impact could be brought to the grid due to its uncertainty. In this paper, there are research and analysis about the technology and characteristics of the photovoltaic power plants connected to the grid, make a strong practical impacts.

Grid-Connected Nuclear Power Plant Key Issues Summary

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 530-535
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Tian Tang ◽  
Zhang Sui Lin ◽  
Zhen Da Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Power Modeling ◽  
Modeling Simulation ◽  
Load Following ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Impact

The current situation of nuclear power plants at home and abroad is described, and the impact of large-scale nuclear power accessing to the grid is analyzed, specifically in the aspects of nuclear power modeling, simulation, load following, reliability, fault diagnosis, etc. Nuclear power accessing to the grid will bring a series of problems, the causes of each problem, the main solutions and future development directions are summarized.

Mitigation Control Against Partial Shading Effects in Large-Scale PV Power Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rahmann ◽  
V. Vittal ◽  
J. Ascui ◽  
J. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Shading Effects

scholarly journals Spatial-Economic Potential Analysis of Wind Power Plants in Germany

Wind ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
David Hennecke ◽  
Carsten Croonenbroeck
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Potential Analysis ◽  
Federal States

Before a new wind farm can be built, politics and regional planning must approve of the respective area as a suitable site. For this purpose, large-scale potential computations were carried out to identify suitable areas. The calculation of wind power plant potential usually focuses on capturing the highest energy potential. In Germany, due to an energy production reimbursement factor defined in the Renewable Energy Sources Act (“Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz”, EEG) in 2017, the influence of energy quantities on the power plant potential varies, economically and spatially. Therefore, in addition to the calculation of energy potentials, it was also necessary to perform a potential analysis in terms of economic efficiency. This allows, on the one hand, an economic review of the areas tendered by the regional planning and, on the other hand, a spatial-economic analysis that expands the parameters in the search for new areas. In this work, (a) potentials with regard to the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) were calculated by the example of the electricity market in Germany, which were then (b) spatially and statistically processed on the level of the federal states.

Применение методов неразрушающего контроля качества при обследовании состояния систем молниезащиты пожаро-взрывоопасных объектов

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Л.Ю. Могильнер ◽  
Н.Н. Скуридин ◽  
Н.А. Власов ◽  
И.А. Хузяганиев
Keyword(s):  
Protection System ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Fire And Explosion ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Measuring Control

The issues of non-destructive testing carried out during the inspection of the state of lightning protection systems for fire and explosion hazardous facilities, are considered. Including the objects of the main oil and oil product pipelines were considered. It is indicated three types of tests have to be used: quantitative assessment of the necessary elements of the lightning protection system, visual and measuring control of the system elements using geometric and geodetic measurements, and measuring the electrical parameters of the elements of the lightning protection system. The features of control and measurements related to the calculation of protection zones against a direct lightning strike when using lightning rods of various types or their combinations are described. Examples of the estimation of the error in calculating the protection zones against a direct lightning strike are given.

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