scholarly journals A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Darina Pickova ◽  
Vladimir Ostry ◽  
Jan Malir ◽  
Jakub Toman ◽  
Frantisek Malir
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Hygienic Practice ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap

Spices are imported worldwide mainly from developing countries with tropical and/or subtropical climate. Local conditions, such as high temperature, heavy rainfall, and humidity, promote fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of mycotoxins in spices. Moreover, the lack of good agricultural practice (GAP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) in developing countries are of great concern. This review summarizes recent data from a total of 56 original papers dealing with mycotoxins and microfungi in various spices in the last five years. A total of 38 kinds of spices, 17 mycotoxins, and 14 microfungi are discussed in the review. Worldwide, spices are rather overlooked in terms of mycotoxin regulations, which usually only cover aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this paper, an extensive attention is devoted to the limits on mycotoxins in spices in the context of the European Union (EU) as well as other countries. As proven in this review, the incidence of AFs and OTA, as well as other mycotoxins, is relatively high in many spices; thus, the preparation of new regulation limits is advisable.

scholarly journals Aflatoxins Occurrence in Spices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farman Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Asif Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Worldwide Production ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Wide Range

A wide range of spices are used in most dishes as seasoning, colouring, texture developer, palatability or preserving food and beverages worldwide. However, the spices are produced mainly in developing countries where tropical and/or subtropical climate such as high temperature, heavy rainfall and humidity encourage fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) in spices. Moreover, the inadequate implementation of good agricultural practice, good manufacturing practice and good hygienic practice in these countries are great alarming situation. AFs are considered as a carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive to humans and are classified as hazardous food toxins. This chapter provides the worldwide production and regulations of spices, suitable conditions for the AFs production, worldwide occurrence of AFs, detection techniques and some aspect for the reduction of AFs in spices.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI JERUK MELALUI BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT (Desa Sumbersekar, Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang)

J-Dinamika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Zainol Arifin ◽  
Cahyo Sasmito ◽  
Cakti Indra Gunawana
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap

Sebagai penopang pendapatan asli desa sumbersekar, untuk meningkatkan asli pendapatan desa sumbersekar Dau Malang, maka tuntutan kedepan adalah membayar pajak desa sesuai dengan ketentuan. Untuk itu sebagai masyarakat petani umumnya Desa Sumbersekar memiliki potensi antara lain, padi, jagung, singkong, dan Jeruk merupakan hal yang perlu ditingkatkan produksinya. Pelatihan Manajemen Badan Usaha Milik  Desa (BUMDES) :Manajemen SDM dalam hal perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pemahaman dan pendefinisian terhadap kerja  sehingga masing-masing divisi memahami tugas dan fungsinya serta dapat meningkatkan kinerja dari divisi. Selain itu, dalam hal perencanaan program kerja perlu diberikan pembinaan tentang pembuatan program kerja yang terjadwal  sehingga program kerja menjadi lebih terarah dan dapat meningkatkan kinerja daripada Badan  usaha Milik Desa. Manajemen keuangan, dalam hal pembukuan atau pencatatan transaksi keuangan sehingga mereka dapat mengetahui berapa besarnya pemasukan dan pengeluaran setiap musimnya, dengan pembuatan jurnal sederhana untuk mencatat setiap transaksi keuangan, maka dapat membentuk arus kas serta melakukan analisis terhadap arus kas  untuk setiap musimnya, sehingga dapat menjadi pedoman atau acuan bagi usaha masyarakat dan petani jeruk  dalam hal perencanaan keuangan sehingga hutang atau pinjaman yang tidak terduga dapat diminimalisir.                 Pelatihan Model Pemberdayaan Petani Jeruk, Cara Pemupukan, dan Panen, serta penyimpanan yang baik dan benar. Pelatihan teknologi budidaya tanaman Jeruk  sesuai dengan standart  good agricultural practice (GAP). Untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas bahan baku yang dipakai sebagai sari jeruk.                   Pelatihan pemanfaatan teknologi tepat guna. Kedepan BUMDES pada tanaman Jeruk akan mampu memasarkan dan menjual produk mereka tanpa dibatasi oleh waktu dan tempat, sehingga akan mempercepat perkembangan usaha dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan usaha masyarakat  petani jeruk  .

scholarly journals Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County, Kenya

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Grace Nkirote Marete ◽  
Laetitia Wakonyu Kanja ◽  
James Mucunu Mbaria ◽  
Mitchel Otieno Okumu ◽  
Penina Afwande Ateku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap ◽  
The Mean

Aflatoxin contaminated maize is of public health concern in Kenya. Training farmers on good agricultural practice (GAP) has been touted as a mitigative measure. Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. This study evaluated what effect training farmers on GAP has on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in in maize grown in Kaptumo, Kilibwoni, and Kipkaren divisions in Nandi County. Ninety farmers were recruited for the study and interviewed on GAP. Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). All farmers prepared the land before planting, did correct spacing between the planted crops, carried out weeding, cleaned their stores before use, checked the condition of the maize after harvesting, sorted maize after shelling, and knew aflatoxins. A majority of the farmers (90%) used fertilizers, dried maize after harvesting, knew that aflatoxins were harmful to humans, and used clean transport in transporting the harvested maize. About 98% of farmers did stooking after harvesting and 97% used wooden pallets in the maize stores. The percentage of farmers who practiced early planting, top dressing, crop rotation, raising stores above the ground, applying insecticide after shelling and feeding damaged/rotten seeds to their animals was 84–96%, 62–80%, 67–85%, 86–98%, 63–81%, and 7–21% respectively. About 18/90 (20%) of all farmers reported that they had a relative who had died from liver cancer and the mean aflatoxin levels in season 1 were significantly different from season 2 (1.92 ± 1.07 ppb; 1.30 ± 1.50 ppb). Our findings suggest that although training farmers to adopt good agricultural practices was observed to be efficient in mitigating the problem of aflatoxins, the receptiveness of farmers to different aspects of the training may have differed. Therefore, in designing an optimized regional aflatoxin contamination strategy, local applicability should be considered.

Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Stephenson ◽  
Ian G. Ferris ◽  
Patrick T. Holland ◽  
Monica Nordberg
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap

Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in the Use of Pesticides

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap

PELAKSANAAN FUNGSI TEKNIS BADAN PANGAN DAN PERTANIAN DUNIA (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION) DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN SAGU MELALUI DIVERSIFIKASI PANGAN DI KABUPATEN KONAWE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
Agung Sentosa ◽  
Muhammad Basri ◽  
Dian Trianita Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Good Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practice Gap

<p>Kabupaten Konawe merupakan pusat daerah hutan sagu terluas di Sulawesi Tenggara dengan lebih dari 5.000 hektar berada di dalamnya, lahan sagu ini sebagian besar berisikan tanaman sagu liar yang tidak sepenuhnya dikembangkan. Selain itu, produksi sagu yang ada di kabupaten Konawe sendiri masih dilakukan dengan proses tradisional yang tergolong sederhana, tanpa memperhatikan nilai kualitas pangan yang dihasilkan. Diversifikasi pangan sagu juga masih belum dimaksimalkan jika dilihat dari produksi sagu di Kabupaten Konawe yang hanya sebatas memproduksi pati sagu basah saja. Hal tersebut membuat pemerintah Indonesia khususnya Pemerintah Kabupaten Konawe bergegas menerapkan kebijakan program pemberdayaan sagu di Kabupaten Konawe melalui bantuan teknis Badan Pangan dan Pertanian Dunia dalam mewujudkan langkah diversifikasi pangan yang dinilai dapat memastikan terwujudnya ketahanan pangan sagu, serta menjaga wilayah tanaman sagu dari indikasi konversi lahan besar-besaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan berupa library research disertai survei dan dokumentasi dari berbagai literatur serta data instansi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat dua fase pada pelaksanaan fungsi teknis FAO, termasuk pada pendirian pabrik pengolahan sagu terintegrasi di Desa Labela, program pembinaan kelompok pangan sagu “Sagu Meambo Food”, pelatihan budidaya sagu dan pelestariannya, serta kerjasama FAO terkait program diversifikasi pangan sagu yang dilakukan bersama Dinas Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Sultra dan Dinas Ketahanan Pangan Kabupaten Konawe. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa pelaksanaan fungsi teknis Badan Pangan dan Pertanian Dunia dalam pemberdayaan sagu melalui diversifikasi pangan di Kabupaten Konawe dapat dijalankan sesuai dengan Good Agricultural Practice (GAP).</p>

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