scholarly journals Development of an Antifungal Device Based on Oriental Mustard Flour to Prevent Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production in Almonds

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Tiago Melo Nazareth ◽  
Raquel Torrijos ◽  
Karla Paiva Bocate ◽  
Jordi Mañes ◽  
Fernando Bittencourt Luciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Oriental Mustard

The present study describes the manufacture of an antifungal device composed of oriental mustard flour and hydroxyethyl-cellulose (H-OMF) and evaluates its efficacity in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production in almonds. Additionally, it compares the H-OMF with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and a freeze-dried extract of yellow mustard flour (YMF-E); such substances were previously described as antifungal. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the H-OMF in vitro antifungal activity, and the residual fungal population, as well as the production of AFB1 in almonds were determined. AITC and YMF-E showed significant antifungal activity in vitro. Additionally, the in vitro activity of H-OMF avoided mycelial growth by applying 30 mg/L. Almonds treated with AITC (5.07, 10.13, and 20.26 mg/L) and H-OMF (2000 and 4000 mg/L) showed a reduction in the population of A. flavus and the production of AFB1 to values below the limit of detection. YMF-E showed effectiveness by in vitro methodologies (MIC and MFC) but did not show efficacy when applied in almonds. Our findings indicated that the hydroxyethyl-cellulose-based device containing oriental mustard flour might be utilised as a fumigant to increase the safety of almonds and could be extended to other cereals or dry fruits.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neveen Helmy Abou El-Soud ◽  
Mohamed Deabes ◽  
Lamia Abou El-Kassem ◽  
Mona Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Oil Concentration

BACKGROUND: The leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) are used in traditional cuisine as spices; its essential oil has found a wide application in perfumery, dental products as well as antifungal agents.AIM: To assess the chemical composition as well as the in vitro antifungal activity of O. basilicum L. essential oil against Aspergillus flavus fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The essential oil of O. basilicum was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil was tested for its effects on Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) mycelial growth and aflatoxin B1 production in Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) growth media. Aflatoxin B1 production was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).RESULTS: Nineteen compounds, representing 96.7% of the total oil were identified. The main components were as follows: linalool (48.4%), 1,8-cineol (12.2%), eugenol (6.6%), methyl cinnamate (6.2%), α-cubebene (5.7%), caryophyllene (2.5%), β-ocimene (2.1%) and α-farnesene (2.0%).The tested oil showed significant antifungal activity that was dependent on the used oil concentration. The complete inhibition of A. flavus growth was observed at 1000 ppm oil concentration, while marked inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production was observed at all oil concentrations tested (500, 750 and 1000 ppm).CONCLUSION: These results confirm the antifungal activities of O. basilicum L. oil and its potential use to cure mycotic infections and act as pharmaceutical preservative against A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production.

In vitro antifungal activity of some Mannich bases of conjugated styryl ketones

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias K Manavathu ◽  
S C Vashishtha ◽  
George J Alangaden ◽  
Jonathan R Dimmock
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mannich Bases ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Further Development ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Four Mannich bases of some conjugated styryl ketones IIa-IId were examined for antifungal activity. These compounds were designed as thiol-alkylators and had two centers for attack by cellular thiols. The most potent compounds IIa and IIb possessed hydrophobic, electron-attracting substituents in the aryl rings and in general had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.2-25 μM against a variety of fungi. None of the four compounds inhibited the growth of a number of bacteria (MIC > 100 μM). The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values for IIa and IIb were generally either similar or twofold higher than the MIC figures for fungi. Compound IIa demonstrated rapid, concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans B311. The toxicity of IIa to normal human cells was much lower than the concentrations of this compound required to inhibit fungal growth. In summary, this study of four prototypic molecules has revealed that this class of compounds may have potential for further development as candidate antifungal agents.Key words: antifungal, styryl ketones, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, susceptibility test.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Biocontrol Agents In Vitro and Potential Application to Reduce Mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A)

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Francisco Illueca ◽  
Pilar Vila-Donat ◽  
Jorge Calpe ◽  
Carlos Luz ◽  
Giuseppe Meca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Phenyllactic Acid ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration

Food bio-preservatives are requested as substituents of chemical pesticides in food. The aim of this study was to carry out a screening of twenty biocontrol agents (BCAs) for their potential fungicidal activity in vitro. Twenty BCAs were tested against ten pathogenic fungi. Some of the cell-free supernatants (CFS) tested showed in vitro antifungal activity versus pathogenic fungi. The highest fungicidal activity was observed in the fermented CFS of Paenibacillus chibensis CECT 375, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 493, and Pantoea agglomerans CECT 850, which showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 125 and 250 g/L, respectively. The compounds responsible for the antifungal activity, such as organic and phenolic acids, were determined. Lactic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and phenyllactic acid among others can be related to antifungal activity. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed a reduction of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) up to 26% (Paenibacillus alvei CECT 2) and 55% (Paenibacillus polymyxa CECT 155), respectively. The present study prompts that metabolism products of BCAs are propitious for the bioconservation of food, due to their ability to reduce the proliferation of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins production.

scholarly journals Development of an Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Device Containing Allyl Isothiocyanate for Silo Fumigation

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Quiles ◽  
Tiago Nazareth ◽  
Carlos Luz ◽  
Fernando Luciano ◽  
Jordi Mañes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Control Test ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antifungal activity of the bioactive compound allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Aspergillus flavus (8111 ISPA) aflatoxins (AFs) producer and Penicillium verrucosum (D-01847 VTT) ochratoxin A (OTA) producer on corn, barley, and wheat. The experiments were carried out initially in a simulated silo system for laboratory scale composed of glass jars (1 L). Barley and wheat were contaminated with P. verrucosum and corn with A. flavus. The cereals were treated with a hydroxyethylcellulose gel disk to which 500 µL/L of AITC were added; the silo system was closed and incubated for 30 days at 21 °C. After that, simulated silos of 100 L capacity were used. Barley, wheat, and corn were contaminated under the same conditions as the previous trial and treated with disks with 5 mL of AITC, closed and incubated for 90 days at 21 °C. In both cases, the control test did not receive any antifungal treatment. The growth of the inoculated fungi and the reduction in the formation of AFs and OTA were determined. In the lab scale silo system, complete inhibition of fungal growth at 30 days has been observed. In corn, the reduction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was 98.5%. In the 100 L plastic drums, a significant reduction in the growth of A. flavus was observed, as well as the OTA formation in wheat (99.5%) and barley (92.0%).

scholarly journals Synthetic Histidine-Rich Peptides Inhibit Candida Species and Other Fungi In Vitro: Role of Endocytosis and Treatment Implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2797-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingsong Zhu ◽  
Paul W. Luther ◽  
Qixin Leng ◽  
A. James Mixson
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Nucleic Acid Delivery ◽  
Histatin 5 ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Endosomal Acidification

ABSTRACT A family of histidine-rich peptides, histatins, is secreted by the parotid gland in mammals and exhibits marked inhibitory activity against a number of Candida species. We were particularly interested in the mechanism by which histidine-rich peptides inhibit fungal growth, because our laboratory has synthesized a variety of such peptides for drug and nucleic acid delivery. In contrast to naturally occurring peptides that are linear, peptides made on synthesizers can be varied with respect to their degrees of branching. Using this technology, we explored whether histidine-lysine (HK) polymers of different complexities and degrees of branching affect the growth of several species of Candida. Polymers with higher degrees of branching were progressively more effective against Candida albicans, with the four-branched polymer, H2K4b, most effective. Furthermore, H2K4b accumulated efficiently in C. albicans, which may indicate its ability to transport other antifungal agents intracellularly. Although H2K4b had greater antifungal activity than histatin 5, their mechanisms were similar. Toxicity in C. albicans induced by histatin 5 or branched HK peptides was markedly reduced by 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, an inhibitor of anion channels. We also determined that bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, significantly decreased the antifungal activity of H2K4b. This suggests that the pH-buffering and subsequent endosomal-disrupting properties of histidine-rich peptides have a role in their antifungal activity. Moreover, the ability of the histidine component of these peptides to disrupt endosomes, which allows their escape from the lysosomal pathway, may explain why these peptides are both effective antifungal agents and nucleic acid delivery carriers.

scholarly journals 7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl Arylhydrazone Derivatives: Synthesis and Antifungal Activity

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Auri R. Duval ◽  
Pedro H. Carvalho ◽  
Maieli C. Soares ◽  
Daniela P. Gouvêa ◽  
Geonir M. Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
First Line ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Line Drug ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Fifteen 7-chloro-4-arylhydrazonequinolines have been evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity against eight oral fungi:Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. famata, C. glabrata, Rhodutorula mucilaginosa, andR. glutinis. Several compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) activities comparable with the first-line drug fluconazole. These results could be considered as an important starting point for the rational design of new antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Intramacrophage Growth ofPenicillium marneffei by 4-Aminoquinolines

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1450-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Taramelli ◽  
Clara Tognazioli ◽  
F. Ravagnani ◽  
O. Leopardi ◽  
G. Giannulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
J774 Cells ◽  
Dose Dependent Inhibition

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial activities of chloroquine (CQ) and several 4-aminoquinoline drugs were tested against Penicillium marneffei, an opportunistic fungus that invades and grows inside macrophages and causes disseminated infection in AIDS patients. Human THP1 and mouse J774 macrophages were infected in vitro with P. marneffei conidia and treated with different doses of drugs for 24 to 48 h followed by cell lysis and the counting of P. marneffei CFU. CQ and amodiaquine exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of fungal growth, whereas quinine and artemisinin were fungistatic and not fungicidal. The antifungal activity of CQ was not due to an impairment of fungal iron acquisition in that it was not reversed by the addition of iron nitrilotriacetate, FeCl3, or iron ammonium citrate. Perl's staining indicated that CQ did not alter the ability of J774 cells to acquire iron from the medium. Most likely, CQ's antifungal activity is due to an increase in the intravacuolar pH and a disruption of pH-dependent metabolic processes. Indeed, we demonstrate that (i) bafilomycin A1 and ammonium chloride, two agents known to alkalinize intracellular vesicles by different mechanisms, were inhibitory as well and (ii) a newly synthesized 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline molecule (compound 9), lacking the terminal amino side chain of CQ that assists in drug accumulation, did not inhibit P. marneffei growth. These results suggest that CQ has a potential for use in prophylaxis of P. marneffeiinfections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in countries where P. marneffei is endemic.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of buparvaquone against Sporothrix brasiliensis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Pereira Borba-Santos ◽  
Thayná Lopes Barreto ◽  
Taissa Vila ◽  
Kung Darh Chi ◽  
Fabiana dos Santos Monti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Altered Cell

Sporotrichosis has become an important zoonosis in Brazil and Sporothrix brasiliensis is the primary species transmitted by cats. Improvement of animal treatment will help control and limit the spread and geographic expansion of sporotrichosis. Accordingly, buparvaquone, an antiprotozoal hydroxynaphthoquinone agent marketed as Butalex®, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against feline-borne isolates of S. brasiliensis . Buparvaquone inhibited in vitro fungal growth at concentrations 4-fold lower than itraconazole (the first-choice antifungal used for sporotrichosis) and was 408 times more selective for S. brasiliensis than mammalian cells. Yeasts treated with a subinhibitory concentration of buparvaquone exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS and neutral lipid accumulation, and impaired plasma membranes. Also, scanning electron microscopy images revealed buparvaquone altered cell wall integrity and induced cell disruption. I n vivo experiments in a Galleria mellonella model revealed that buparvaquone (single dose of 5 mg/kg) is more effective than itraconazole against infections with S. brasiliensis yeasts. Combined, our results indicate that buparvaquone has a great in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against S. brasiliensis , revealing the potential application of this drug as an alternative treatment for feline sporotrichosis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Fusarium Solani Phytopathogenic Fungi in in Vitro and in Vivo Assays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela R. Avila ◽  
Graciela Juez Castillo ◽  
Carel E. Carvajal
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Root Cells

Abstract Fungal diseases are a current problem in agriculture causing significant losses in several crops whereby its prevention and treatment is of utmost importance. The Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogen Fusarium solani. The chitosan concentration in nanoparticles that showed antifungal activity was 2.0 µg/mL. ChNPs showed to be a potential antifungal candidate with applications in phytosanitary control. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed damage to the fungal cell wall and membrane caused by the nanoparticles interaction with these structures affecting fungal growth and development in in vitro as in in vivo assay where microscopy demonstrated the internalization of nanoparticles aggregates within plant root cells cytoplasm up to 45 days. Therefore ChNPs nanoparticles could be an alternative method for diseases caused by Fusarium solani instead of chemical fungicides commonly used for treating tomato root rot.

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