Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness, and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users, and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda, and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.

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Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

10.20944/preprints202112.0108.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ainara Ballesteros ◽

Janire Salazar ◽

Macarena Marambio ◽

Jose Tena ◽

Jose Rafael Garcia-March ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Environment ◽

Severe Pain ◽

First Aid ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Sea Anemone ◽

Risk Prevention ◽

Neutral Solution ◽

Lower Intensity ◽

Toxic Reaction ◽

Anemonia Viridis

Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely-distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.

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Changes in Microbial Communities Associated with the Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis in a Natural pH Gradient

Microbial Ecology ◽

10.1007/s00248-012-0127-6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Dalit Meron ◽

Maria-Cristina Buia ◽

Maoz Fine ◽

Ehud Banin

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Sea Anemone ◽

Ph Gradient ◽

Natural Ph Gradient ◽

Anemonia Viridis

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Expression of homing endonuclease gene and insertion-like element in sea anemone mitochondrial genomes: Lesson learned from Anemonia viridis

Gene ◽

10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.067 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 652 ◽

pp. 78-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sylvia Ighem Chi ◽

Ilona Urbarova ◽

Steinar D. Johansen

Keyword(s):

Homing Endonuclease ◽

Sea Anemone ◽

Mitochondrial Genomes ◽

Homing Endonuclease Gene ◽

Anemonia Viridis ◽

Endonuclease Gene

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE Symbiodinium microadriaticum LIVING IN THE SEA ANEMONE Anemonia viridis

Marine Research in Indonesia ◽

10.14203/mri.v28i0.412 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 13-23

Author(s):

Suharsono

Keyword(s):

Sea Anemone ◽

Symbiodinium Microadriaticum ◽

Anemonia Viridis

The zooxanthella, Symbiodinum microadriaticum, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate shows variation in its ultrastructure within its population in the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. Such variation included the number of thylakoid, the structure of inclusions and the structure of amphiesma. The string-like structure was also found in the nucleoplasm. Some zooxanthellae have a branching or double pyrenoid with two or three stalks. Under certain condition, which are not clearly understood, two or three zooxanthellae are enclosed within one very thick membrane.

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Ayurvedic Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overlap Vasculitis vis a vis Vatarakta - A Case Report

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v3i5.13850 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Gururaja D. ◽

Dr. Veeraj Hegde

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Case Report ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Severe Pain ◽

Overlap Syndrome ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Tinospora Cordifolia ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Multisystem Disease

Systemic Lupus erythematosus is the classic prototype of multisystem disease of autoimmune origin. SLE may be associated Vasculitis as an overlap syndrome. In this paper, a patient diagnosed as SLE with Vasculitis, which was managed successfully by Ayurveda treatment is discussed. A 39 year old female patient came to hospital with complaint of severe pain and burning sensation in both the legs for two months, associated with ulceration and gangrene of toes of both the legs for the last 15 days. She was diagnosed as SLE overlap vasculitis at a higher medical centre with relevant investigations and advised to go for amputation. As patient was not willing for surgery came to Ayurveda treatment. The condition was diagnosed as disease Vatarakta and treatment was planned accordingly. Treatment was planned by selecting suitable oral medicines, planning suitable Panchakarma procedures along with the ulcer management. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) was the main drug which is used in Rasayana dosage. Patient responded well and we could able to save the limb. Patient was under follow up for more than a year without any complications and relapses.

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A Low Molecular Weight Protein from the Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis with an Anti-Angiogenic Activity

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md16040134 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erwann Loret ◽

José Luis ◽

Christopher Nuccio ◽

Claude Villard ◽

Pascal Mansuelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Sea Anemone ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Molecular Weight Protein ◽

Angiogenic Activity ◽

Weight Protein ◽

Low Molecular Weight Protein ◽

Anemonia Viridis

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Functional polarity of the tentacle of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis: role in inorganic carbon acquisition

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.2.r303 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 274 (2) ◽

pp. R303-R310 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Paola Furla ◽

Sylvie Bénazet-Tambutté ◽

Jean Jaubert ◽

Denis Allemand

Keyword(s):

Inorganic Carbon ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Sea Anemone ◽

Total Alkalinity ◽

Endodermal Cell ◽

Ph Change ◽

Epithelial Layers ◽

Endodermal Cells ◽

Oral Epithelial ◽

Anemonia Viridis

The oral epithelial layers of anthozoans have a polarized morphology: photosynthetic endosymbionts live within endodermal cells facing the coelenteric cavity and are separated from the external seawater by the ectodermal layer and the mesoglea. To study if this morphology plays a role in the supply of inorganic carbon for symbiont photosynthesis, we measured the change in pH and the rate of OH−(H+) fluxes induced by each cell layer on a tentacle of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Light-induced pH increase of the medium bathing the endodermal layers led to the generation of a transepithelial pH gradient of ∼0.8 pH units across the tentacle, whereas darkness induced acidification of this medium. The light-induced pH change was associated with an increase of total alkalinity. Only the endodermal layer was able to induce a net OH− secretion (H+ absorption). The light-induced OH− secretion by the endodermal cell layer was dependent on the presence of[Formula: see text] in the compartment facing the ectoderm and was sensitive to several inhibitors of ion transport. [14C][Formula: see text]incorporation into photosynthates confirmed the ectodermal supply, the extent of which varied from 25 to >90%, according to[Formula: see text] availability. Our results suggest that the light-induced OH−secretion by the endodermal cell layer followed the polarized transport of [Formula: see text] and its subsequent decarboxylation within the endodermal cell layer. This polarity may play a significant role both in inorganic carbon absorption and in the control of light-enhanced calcification in scleractinian corals.

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