scholarly journals Virus-Induced Flowering by Apple Latent Spherical Virus Vector: Effective Use to Accelerate Breeding of Grapevine

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoaki Maeda ◽  
Teppei Kikuchi ◽  
Ichiro Kasajima ◽  
Chungjiang Li ◽  
Noriko Yamagishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Apple Latent Spherical Virus ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Biolistic Inoculation ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Effective Use

Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) was successfully used in promoting flowering (virus-induced flowering, VIF) in apple and pear seedlings. In this paper, we report the use of ALSV vectors for VIF in seedlings and in vitro cultures of grapevine. After adjusting experimental conditions for biolistic inoculation of virus RNA, ALSV efficiently infected not only progeny seedlings of Vitis spp. ‘Koshu,’ but also in vitro cultures of V. vinifera ‘Neo Muscat’ without inducing viral symptoms. The grapevine seedlings and in vitro cultures inoculated with an ALSV vector expressing the ‘florigen’ gene (Arabidopsis Flowering locus T, AtFT) started to set floral buds 20–30 days after inoculation. This VIF technology was successfully used to promote flowering and produce grapes with viable seeds in in vitro cultures of F1 hybrids from crosses between V. ficifolia and V. vinifera and made it possible to analyze the quality of fruits within a year after germination. High-temperature (37 °C) treatment of ALSV-infected grapevine disabled virus movement to newly growing tissue to obtain ALSV-free shoots. Thus, the VIF using ALSV vectors can be used to shorten the generation time of grapevine seedlings and accelerate breeding of grapevines with desired traits.

255 EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF DIETARY FATTY ACID (α-LINOLENIC ACID OR LINOLEIC ACID) ON THE NUMBER AND THE QUALITY OF OOCYTES COLLECTED BY OVUM PICKUP AND ON IN VITRO EMBRYO PRODUCTION BY DAIRY HEIFERS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ponter ◽  
J. Arnault ◽  
C. Joly ◽  
K. Guelou ◽  
G. Valy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Experimental Conditions

A supplement of dietary fat can improve oocyte quality in ruminants. However, to our knowledge, the effect of the type dietary fat (differing in fatty acid profile) on oocyte and embryo production has never been reported in cattle. Therefore, in this study the effect of the type of fat supplement on the number and quality of oocytes collected by ovum pickup (OPU) and on the production of embryos was investigated in Holstein heifers. The experiment was conducted over 2 years: year 1: 8 heifers, and year 2: 10 heifers (16 to 20 months old, body weight 368 � 8.2 kg and BCS 2.3 � 0.1). Heifers were given a diet of hay (67% DM) and a concentrate (33% DM). The concentrate (130 g fat/kg DM) was formulated with either extruded linseeds (L, rich in α-linolenic acid (ω-3 fatty acid),n = 9) or extruded soybeans (S, rich in linoleic acid (ω-6 fatty acid), n = 9). Oocytes were collected by OPU for 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and their morphological quality was assessed (Q1, excellent; Q2, good; Q3, fair; and Q4, low). The oocytes from one session/week were frozen and those from the other session were used to produce embryos (in vitro maturation and fertilization). Embryo quality was judged following IETS criteria (EQ1, excellent; EQ2, good; EQ3, fair; and EQ4, low). Blood samples were collected weekly throughout the experiment for the analysis of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and urea. Statistical analysis was performed on the growth rate, BCS, hormone, metabolite, and fatty acid data and on the oocyte and embryo data using Split plot ANOVA. Growth rate was not affected by diet (S, 0.93 � 0.21 kg d-1 vs. L, 0.90 � 0.21 kg d-1), and there was no effect of dietary treatment on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. However, treatment L increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid (P < 0.0001), and treatment S increased the proportion of linoleic acid (P < 0.0001) in the plasma. Neither the oocyte characteristics (number of oocytes collected, 5.3 � 1.0 vs. 5.7 � 1.0; their quality: Q1, 1.1 � 0.3 vs. 1.0 � 0.3; Q2, 1.8 � 0.3 vs. 1.6 � 0.3; Q3, 1.4 � 0.4 vs. 2.1 � 0.4; and Q4, 1.0 � 0.2 vs. 1.1 � 0.2; and oocytes inseminated, 4.4 � 0.8 vs. 5.1 � 0.8, and cleaved, 3.4 � 0.7 vs. 3.5 � 0.7 per heifer per session; L vs. S, respectively) nor the embryo characteristics (number of embryos, 1.1 � 0.3 vs. 0.9 � 0.3; their quality: EQ1, 0.4 � 0.1 vs. 0.3 � 0.1; EQ2, 0.4 � 0.1 vs. 0.3 � 0.1; EQ3, 0.2 � 0.1 vs. 0.3 � 0.1; and EQ4, 0.04 � 0.03 vs. 0.05 � 0.03 per heifer per session; L vs. S, respectively) were affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, the type of fatty acid (ω-3 vs. ω-6) does not modify significantly the numbers of oocytes and embryos produced by OPU and their quality in dairy eifers.

Effect of tannins in the fermentation of legume forages using a gas based method

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
P.B. Godoy ◽  
I.C.S. Bueno ◽  
S.L.S. Cabral Filho ◽  
E.F. Nozella ◽  
L.A. Castilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Bioassay Technique

Legume forages are an important source of protein in ruminant feeding but some legumes contain anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins, which can interfere in fermentability. In vitro methods to determine quality of feeds are important to nutritionists. These methods are less expensive, less time consuming and allow more control of experimental conditions than in vivo experiments. The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritive value of four Brazilian legume forages, with different tannin levels, using the in vitro bioassay technique.

scholarly journals The effect of cytokinins on shoot proliferation, biochemical changes and genetic stability of Rhododendron ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ in the in vitro cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Nowakowska ◽  
Anna Pińkowska ◽  
Ewa Siedlecka ◽  
Andrzej Pacholczak
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Stock Plant

AbstractShoot proliferation is a very important micropropagation phase, decisive for economic efficiency of this method for a given taxon. To obtain a high multiplication ratio and a good quality of microshoots a detailed propagation protocol must be developed for particular species or even cultivars. Rhododendron ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ is a relatively new cultivar distinguished by large, beautiful flowers and high frost resistance so there is a need to develop an efficient method of its propagation to satisfy a growing demand for this plant. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate effects of cytokinins: meta-Topolin (mT), zeatin (ZEA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), or the combination of 2iP+ZEA on proliferation of shoots in R. ‘Kazimierz Odnowiciel’ cultured on Anderson’s medium (AN). Biochemical changes in plant material affected by cytokinins during this phase of micropropagation were determined and occurrence of genetical changes was followed using ISSR markers. TDZ, ZEA or the combination of ZEA+2iP resulted in 100% explant regeneration. On the medium with TDZ or ZEA over two new shoots per explant were produced but the highest proliferation was attained on the medium containing ZEA+2iP – over three shoots per explant. Microshoots developed in this treatment had also the highest contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble sugars as well as the highest catalase activity. Microshoots formed on the medium with zeatin showed the lowest polymorphism (below 4%) relative to a stock plant.

scholarly journals Establishment in vitro shoots and callus Dahlia sp. for later use to obtained inulin

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Ivonne Garrido-Gutiérrez ◽  
Miriam Gabriela Pérez-Delfín ◽  
Sergio Zavala-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Stem Explants ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Whole Plants

In order to have an efficient protocol and to be able to produce inulin in the future, experimental conditions were established to obtain artificial cultures of Dahlia sp. plant lines A1, A2, P1, P2 and ENN to obtain shoots, calli, cell and root suspension cultures with different combinations of plant growth regulators and environmental conditions. The explants used were axillary buds. With these, shoots and whole plants were obtained in all lines. The P1 line was the fastest, needed 7 days of incubation to respond to MS medium without plant growth regulators. Calli were obtained with stem explants after 10 days with 0.5 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg / L indoleacetic acid (IAA). Calli suspension cultures were achieved with stirring at 88 rpm and the same plant growth regulators combinations that were obtained for calli formation. Tuberization induction and root formation were with 5 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L IAA, 80 g/L sucrose and 0.2 mg/L BAP plus 60 g/L sucrose, respectively. The response time and the quality of buds, calli and roots obtained from Dalhia sp. showed favorable experimental conditions to initiate the experiments for the stimulation of inulin production.

Effects of irrigation timing on seedling establishment and productivity of subterranean clover pastures

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
KB Kelly ◽  
WK Mason
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Grazed Swards

Pure swards of subterranean clover were irrigated from late summer-autumn 1982 to autumn 1985. The period of irrigation varied, with 3 times of initial irrigation (1 February, 1 March and 1 April) and 2 times of final irrigation (mid October and mid November). Seedling establishment, DM production and herbage quality were measured in grazed swards. In each regenerating year, seedling density increased as the time of initial irrigation was delayed from February (5.2 seedlingddm2) to April (20.5 seedling/ dm2). For any time of initial irrigation, seedling density was increased by up to 100%, in plots which were irrigated until mid November in the previous spring. Dry matter yield was increased by early irrigation, with average yields of 11.1, 10.3 and 9.1 t/ha.year achieved for February, March and April as times of initial irrigation respectively. Continuing irrigation until November increased annual yield by 0.76 to 1.58 t DM/ha. The late spring irrigation treatment gave increased spring growth plus increased growth in the following autumn as a result of increased seedling density. The quality of the feed produced in autumn was lower than that produced in winter (in vitro DMD 68% compared with 75%), but was higher than the published DMD values for paspalum pastures in autumn. Digestibility in spring declined rapidly, from 75% in September to about 50% in early December. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the most effective use of irrigation water, the reliability of subterranean clover regeneration and the timing and quality of the feed produced.

CAPD and Bone Marrow Cell-Cell Interaction Abnormality in end Stage Renal Disease

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lamperi ◽  
S. Carozzi
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Marrow Cell ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Erythroid Progenitor ◽  
Uremic Patients ◽  
Stage Renal Disease

In this research the early erythroid progenitor (BFU-E) growth has been observed in patients with chronic renal failure by studing in «in vitro» cultures the number of BFU-E developed per plate under various experimental conditions. Our results demonstrate that the BFU-E growth of uremic patients in the predialysis phase or on hemodialysis is suppressed both in basal conditions and with the addition of lympho-monocytes of normal subjects or CAPD patients to the «in vitro» cultures. In CAPD patients, on the contrary, the BFU-E growth appears near normal levels in basal conditions and is further more enhanced by adding the normal lympho-monocytes to the «in vitro» cultures. The above mentioned facts signify that in uremic patients both the abnormality of bone marrow and immunocompetent cells may be responsable for the suppressed BFU-E growth, while with CAPD the improvement of both systems allow a normalisation of erythropoiesis. Such a recovery with CAPD demonstrates the presence of an inhibitor material in uremia which is better depurated by this technique.

scholarly journals PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MENTHA GERMPLASM COLLECTION

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 774D-774
Author(s):  
Henrietta L. Chambers ◽  
Barbara M. Reed ◽  
Joseph D. Postman ◽  
Kim Hummer
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Meristem Culture ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Approximately 450 accessions representing 40 taxa from around the world, including 77 advanced breeder selections and 54 F1 hybrids are maintained at the repository in Corvallis. Most of the clones came from the collection of M. J. Murray of the A. M. Todd Company, Kalamazoo, MI. Others were received from the former USDA/ARS mint breeding program in Corvallis which ended in 1981. Data on origin, morphology, pedigree, oil analysis, fertility and chromosome number was provided with many of the accessions. We have confirmed the identity of the clones utilizing many of these features. We are actively seeking unrepresented germplasm. Chromosomes from pollen mother cells or root-tip cells are currently being counted. Nomenclature changes reflecting recent research have been made. Many clones have been indexed for viruses. Infected clones are treated with thermotherapy and meristem culture to produce virus-negative replacements. An in vitro backup collection is maintained in cold storage. Iniation of in vitro cultures has been complicated by internal bacterial contamination in some clones. Research to eliminate this problem is in progress. Cuttings and in vitro cultures of Mentha germplasm are available to researchers worldwide.

scholarly journals Carbohydrates stimulated Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthesis in Leucojum aestivum L. plants cultured in RITA® bioreactor

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8688
Author(s):  
Agata Ptak ◽  
Emilia Morańska ◽  
Edyta Skrzypek ◽  
Marzena Warchoł ◽  
Rosella Spina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids ◽  
Leucojum Aestivum ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Background Leucojum aestivum L. is an important medicinal plant which produces Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, especially galanthamine and lycorine. Research is currently exploring the possibility of producing these alkaloids using biotechnological methods, including in vitro cultures. The biosynthesis of alkaloids may be affected by the types and concentrations of carbohydrate sources used in the medium. In the present investigation we performed such studies on in vitro cultures of L. aestivum with a view to obtaining plant material of good quality, characterized, in particular, by a high content of valuable Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Methods We examined the effects of various types of carbohydrate sources—sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose—at different concentrations (30, 60 and 90 g/L)—on the quality of L. aestivum plants grown in the RITA® bioreactor. The plants’ quality was assessed by their biomass increments, as well by as analysing photosynthetic pigments, endogenous sugar, phenolics and Amaryllidaceae alkaloid content. We also investigated the effect of sugars on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results The highest biomass increments were observed in plants cultivated in the medium containing 90 g/L sucrose. The highest CAT activity was noted in cultures growing in the medium supplemented with 90 g/L maltose, while the highest POD activity was observed in the presence of 90 g/L fructose and 60 g/L maltose. No differences in SOD activity were observed. Moreover, the sugars did not affect the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, whereas the highest amount of chlorophyll b was recorded in plants growing in the medium with 60 g/L maltose. No statistically significant differences were observed in the contents of endogenous sugars and phenolics in any in vitro conditions. However, the addition of sugar had a decisive effect on the biosynthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The highest distribution of alkaloids occurred in plants cultured in the medium containing 60 g/L sucrose. Six Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were detected in the plant tissue. The addition of 30 g/L fructose in the medium resulted in the accumulation of five alkaloids, including ismine, which was not identified in other analysed tissues. The highest concentration of galanthamine was observed in plants cultured in the presence of 30 g/L fructose and 60 g/L sucrose (39.2 and 37.5 µg/g of dry weight (DW), respectively). The plants grown in the medium containing 60 g/L sucrose exhibited the highest lycorine content (1048 µg/g of DW). Conclusions The type and concentration of sugar used in the medium have an essential influence on the biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in L. aestivum plants cultured in a RITA® bioreactor. The results point to an interesting approach for commercial production of galanthamine and lycorine.

Observations of Frozen-Hydrated Microtubules

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
D. Chrétien ◽  
D. Job ◽  
R.H. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Surface Lattice ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Outstanding Question

Microtubules are filamentary structures found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, where, together with actin and intermediate filaments, they form the components of the cytoskeleton. They have many functions and show various levels of structural complexity as witnessed by the singlet, doublet and triplet structures involved in the architecture of centrioles, basal bodies, cilia and flagella. The accepted microtubule model consists of a 25 nm diameter hollow tube with a wall made up of 13 paraxial protofilaments (pf). Each pf is a string of aligned tubulin dimers. Some results have suggested that the pfs follow a superhelix. To understand how microtubules function in the cell an accurate model of the surface lattice is one of the requirements. For example the 9x2 architecture of the axoneme will depend on the organisation of its component microtubules. We should also note that microtubules with different numbers of pfs have been observed in thin sections of cellular and of in-vitro material. An outstanding question is how does the surface lattice adjust to these different pf numbers?We have been using cryo-electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated samples to study in-vitro assembled microtubules. The experimental conditions are described in detail in this reference. The results obtained in conjunction with thin sections of similar specimens and with axoneme outer doublet fragments have already allowed us to characterise the image contrast of 13, 14 and 15 pf microtubules on the basis of the measured image widths, of the the image contrast symmetry and of the amplitude and phase behaviour along the equator in the computed Fourier transforms. The contrast variations along individual microtubule images can be interpreted in terms of the geometry of the microtubule surface lattice. We can extend these results and make some reasonable predictions about the probable surface lattices in the case of other pf numbers, see Table 1. Figure 1 shows observed images with which these predictions can be compared.

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