scholarly journals A Pandemic within Other Pandemics. When a Multiple Infection of a Host Occurs: SARS-CoV-2, HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Carmen María González-Domenech ◽  
Isabel Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Cristina Gómez-Ayerbe ◽  
Isabel Viciana Ramos ◽  
Rosario Palacios-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
English Language ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Triple Infection

By the middle of 2021, we are still immersed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The concurrence of this new pandemic in regions where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections possess the same epidemiological consideration, has arisen concerns about the prognosis, clinical management, symptomatology, and treatment of patients with triple infection. At the same time, healthcare services previously devoted to diagnosis and treatment of TB and HIV are being jeopardized by the urgent need of resources and attention for COVID-19 patients. The aim of this review was to collect any article considering the three conditions (HIV, TB, and SARS-CoV-2), included in PubMed/Medline and published in the English language since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused on detailed descriptions of the unusual cases describing the three co-infections. Eighty-four out of 184 publications retrieved met our inclusion criteria, but only three of them reported cases (five in total) with the three concomitant infections. The clinical evolution, management, and therapy of all of them were not different from mild/severe cases with exclusive COVID-19; the outcome was not worse either, with recovery for the five patients. Cases of patients with COVID-19 besides HIV and TB infections are scarce in literature, but studies deliberately embracing the triple infection as a priori inclusion criterion should be carried out in order to provide a complete understanding of joint influence.

Mandatory HIV testing in critical care/emergency patients

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
DW Unkle
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Seropositive Patient ◽  
Delivery Of Healthcare ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Social Ostracism

Testing for the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains one of the most controversial issues of this decade. Among persons diagnosed to be HIV positive, social ostracism and exaggerated atypical behavior are common. The resulting impact on the delivery of healthcare services to the seropositive patient has raised many ethical and professional dilemmas. Discussion of HIV testing and the subsequent effects of seropositivity on the delivery of healthcare will be emphasized.

scholarly journals The Progression of Hemophilic Arthropathy: The Role of Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7292
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Pasta ◽  
Salvatore Annunziata ◽  
Alberto Polizzi ◽  
Laura Caliogna ◽  
Eugenio Jannelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
English Language ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Hemophilic Arthropathy ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Potential Use

Background: Hemophilia A and B are X-linked congenital bleeding disorders characterized by recurrent hemarthroses leading to specific changes in the synovium and cartilage, which finally result in the destruction of the joint: this process is called hemophilic arthropathy (HA). This review highlights the most prominent molecular biomarkers found in the literature to discuss their potential use in the clinical practice to monitor bleeding, to assess the progression of the HA and the effectiveness of treatments. Methods: A review of the literature was performed on PubMed and Embase, from 3 to 7 August 2020. Study selection and data extraction were achieved independently by two authors and the following inclusion criteria were determined a priori: English language, available full text and articles published in peer-reviewed journal. In addition, further articles were identified by checking the bibliography of relevant articles and searching for the studies cited in all the articles examined. Results: Eligible studies obtained at the end of the search and screen process were seventy-three (73). Conclusions: Despite the surge of interest in the clinical use of biomarkers, current literature underlines the lack of their standardization and their potential use in the clinical practice preserving the role of physical examination and imaging in early diagnosis.

scholarly journals Sonographic Assessment of Kidneys in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sero-Positive Patients: A systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sidi ◽  
Abbas Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
English Language ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Google Search

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a major challenge globally, and approximately 180,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in Nigeria in 2015. HIV associated nephropathy is the third most common cause of end-stage renal failure. Objectives: To review published original research articles on the sonographic evaluation of kidneys in HIV seropositive patients, identifying missing gaps and coming up with an area of further study. Methodology: The study was retrospective and a secondary source of data from published original research articles was used. The search was performed through Google search using Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed and Medline. All the published original research articles in the English language and the availability of full-text articles were included in the study. The results: An electronic search using the search terms had identified 58 related published articles, but only 12 articles were reviewed. This study found out that human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) to be most predominant renal disease in HIV positive patients leaving in sub-Saharan Africa with increased renal parenchymal echogenicity and decreased corticomedullary differentiation sonographically, which correlate in raised of serum creatinine level and the degree of patients' immune competence (CD4 count). Few studies correlated the sonographic findings with histopathological feature and none use Doppler ultrasound. Conclusion: This study has identified a correlation between the sonographic findings with the histopathological features and the use of Doppler ultrasound as the missing gaps from the previously published research articles in the subject area.

scholarly journals Mutational Analysis of Conserved Domains within the Cytoplasmic Tail of gp41 from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Effects on Glycoprotein Incorporation and Infectivity

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (24) ◽  
pp. 11717-11723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine C. Piller ◽  
John W. Dubay ◽  
Cynthia A. Derdeyn ◽  
Eric Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cytoplasmic Tail ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT The transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 possesses an unusually long (∼150 amino acids) and highly conserved cytoplasmic region. Previous studies in which this cytoplasmic tail had been deleted partially or entirely have suggested that it is important for virus infectivity and incorporation of the gp120-gp41 glycoprotein complex into virions. To determine which regions of the conserved C-terminal domains are important for glycoprotein incorporation and infectivity, several small deletions and amino acid substitutions which modify highly conserved motifs were constructed in the infectious proviral background of NL4.3. The effects of these mutations on infectivity and glycoprotein incorporation into virions produced from transfected 293-T cells and infected H9 and CEM×174 cells were determined. With the exception of a mutation deleting amino acids QGL, all of the constructs resulted in decreased infectivity of the progeny virus both in a single-round infectivity assay and in a multiple-infection assay in H9 and CEM×174 cells. For most mutations, the decreased infectivity was correlated with a decreased incorporation of glycoprotein into virions. Substitution of the arginines (residues 839 and 846) with glutamates also reduced infectivity, but without a noticeable decrease in the amount of glycoprotein incorporated into virus produced from infected T cells. These results demonstrate that minor alterations in the conserved C-terminal region of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail can result in reductions in infectivity that correlate for most but not all constructs with a decrease in glycoprotein incorporation. Observed cell-dependent differences suggest the involvement of cellular factors in regulating glycoprotein incorporation and infectivity.

Mania in AIDS: Clinical Significance and Theoretical Considerations

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rif S. El-Mallakh
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
English Language ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Cases of mania associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reviewed in an attempt to elucidate patterns that may be helpful in guiding treatment, determining prognosis, and understanding pathophysiology. Fourteen well-described cases in the English language literature were critically reviewed. Data was collected regarding chronological appearance of signs and symptoms, specific psychiatric symptoms, associated neurologic and cognitive function, objective testing of brain structure and function, and outcome. When mania or hypomania occur in the setting of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, it frequently occurs once and does not recur. AIDS-associated manic states are adequately responsive to available anti-manic agents, however, AIDS patients may be more prone to deleterious side effects. Although mania or hypomania may be the presenting complaints that lead to the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive status, mania tends to occur in people exhibiting signs of immunodeficiency as is exemplified, in the sample, by death occurring within six months of the psychiatric presentation in nearly a quarter of the patients. It is hypothesized that AIDS-related mania and agitated psychosis may be related to increased intracellular free calcium.

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