scholarly journals The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2299
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey ◽  
Amulya Yaparla ◽  
Kelsey A. Hauser ◽  
Tyler E. Moore ◽  
Leon Grayfer

Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The Xenopus laevis frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen. In turn, MΦ differentiation and functionality depend on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by CSF-1 and iterleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Our past work indicated that X. laevis CSF-1 and IL-34 give rise to morphologically and functionally distinct frog MΦ subsets, and that these CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs respectively confer susceptibility and antiviral resistance to FV3. Because FV3 targets the frog kidneys and establishes chronic infections therein, presently we examined the roles of the frog CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs in seeding and maintaining these chronic kidney infections. Our findings indicate that the frog CSF-1-MΦs result in more prominent kidney FV3 infections, which develop into greater reservoirs of lingering FV3 marked by infiltrating leukocytes, fibrosis, and overall immunosuppressive states. Moreover, the antiviral effects of IL-34-MΦs are short-lived and are lost as FV3 infections progress.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell P. Bui-Marinos ◽  
Lauren A. Todd ◽  
Marie-Claire D. Wasson ◽  
Brandon E. E. Morningstar ◽  
Barbara A. Katzenback

Frog virus 3 (FV3) causes mortality in a range of amphibian species. Despite the importance of the skin epithelium as a first line of defence against FV3, the interaction between amphibian skin epithelial cells and FV3 remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we used newly established Xenopus laevis skin epithelial-like cell lines, Xela DS2 and Xela VS2, to study the susceptibility and permissiveness of frog skin epithelial cells to FV3, and the innate immune antiviral and proinflammatory gene regulatory responses of these cells to FV3. Both cell lines are susceptible and permissive to FV3, yet do not exhibit appreciable transcript levels of scavenger receptors recently demonstrated to be used by FV3 for cellular entry. Xela DS2 and Xela VS2 upregulate antiviral and proinflammatory cytokine transcripts in response to poly(I:C) but not to FV3 or UV-inactivated FV3. Poly(I:C) pretreatment limited FV3 replication and FV3-induced cytopathic effects in both cell lines. Thus, Xela DS2 and Xela VS2 can support FV3 propagation, represent in vitro systems to investigate antiviral responses of frog skin epithelial cells, and are novel tools for screening compounds that initiate effective antiviral programs to limit FV3 replication.


Author(s):  
Maxwell P. Bui-Marinos ◽  
Lauren A. Todd ◽  
Marie-Claire D. Wasson ◽  
Brandon E.E. Morningstar ◽  
Barbara A. Katzenback

Virology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 417 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Robert ◽  
Erica George ◽  
Francisco De Jesús Andino ◽  
Guangchun Chen

Virology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 432 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco De Jesús Andino ◽  
Guangchun Chen ◽  
Zhenghui Li ◽  
Leon Grayfer ◽  
Jacques Robert

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e112904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Robert ◽  
Leon Grayfer ◽  
Eva-Stina Edholm ◽  
Brian Ward ◽  
Francisco De Jesús Andino

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Elliott ◽  
M. K. Arnold ◽  
D. C. Kelly

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey A. Hauser ◽  
Julia C. Singer ◽  
Muhammad Riadul H. Hossainey ◽  
Tyler E. Moore ◽  
Emily S. Wendel ◽  
...  

The global amphibian declines are compounded by ranavirus infections such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3), and amphibian tadpoles more frequently succumb to these pathogens than adult animals. Amphibian gastrointestinal tracts represent a major route of ranavirus entry, and viral pathogenesis often leads to hemorrhaging and necrosis within this tissue. Alas, the differences between tadpole and adult amphibian immune responses to intestinal ranavirus infections remain poorly defined. As interferon (IFN) cytokine responses represent a cornerstone of vertebrate antiviral immunity, it is pertinent that the tadpoles and adults of the anuran Xenopus laevis frog mount disparate IFN responses to FV3 infections. Presently, we compared the tadpole and adult X. laevis responses to intestinal FV3 infections. Our results indicate that FV3-challenged tadpoles mount more robust intestinal type I and III IFN responses than adult frogs. These tadpole antiviral responses appear to be mediated by myeloid cells, which are recruited into tadpole intestines in response to FV3 infections. Conversely, myeloid cells bearing similar cytology already reside within the intestines of healthy (uninfected) adult frogs, possibly accounting for some of the anti-FV3 resistance of these animals. Further insight into the differences between tadpole and adult frog responses to ranaviral infections is critical to understanding the facets of susceptibility and resistance to these pathogens.


Virology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Wendel ◽  
Amulya Yaparla ◽  
Daphne V. Koubourli ◽  
Leon Grayfer

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne V. Koubourli ◽  
Emily S. Wendel ◽  
Amulya Yaparla ◽  
Jonathan R. Ghaul ◽  
Leon Grayfer

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document