Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future

Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the “Norwalk virus” by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral–host–microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus in Korea in 2013

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/468304 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jae-Seok Kim ◽

Hyun Soo Kim ◽

Jungwon Hyun ◽

Han-Sung Kim ◽

Wonkeun Song

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Antigen Test ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Norovirus Gii

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. The molecular epidemiology of norovirus exhibits temporal and geographical fluctuations, and new variants of the GII.4 genotype emerge every 2-3 years to cause global epidemics of acute gastroenteritis. We investigated GI and GII genotypes of human norovirus strains isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Korea in 2013. Norovirus antigen test was performed on 2,980 fecal specimens from January to December 2013. RNA was extracted from norovirus antigen-positive fecal suspensions, and the norovirus capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) genes were characterized by RT-PCR and sequencing. Of the 230 genotyped strains, GII.4 (77.3%) was the most frequently observed capsid genotype, followed by GII.3 (6.1%) and GII.13 (3.9%). A norovirus GII.4 variant, GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012, was the most frequently found polymerase/capsid genotype (65.7%), followed by GII.P17/GII.17 (2.1%) and GII.P21/GII.3 (2.1%). Phylogenetic, similarity, and capsid epitope analyses of GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strains were performed. We concluded that the norovirus GII.4 variant, GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012, was the main cause of norovirus-related gastroenteritis in Korea in 2013.

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Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh, 2014‐2019

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.26772 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuvra Kanti Dey ◽

Nadim Sharif ◽

Baki Billah ◽

Tanjir Tarek Ibn Siddique ◽

Tarequl Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis

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Molecular epidemiology of norovirus from patients with acute gastroenteritis in northwestern Spain

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814000740 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (2) ◽

pp. 316-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. F. MANSO ◽

J. L. ROMALDE

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Genetic Drift ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Capsid Gene ◽

High Prevalence ◽

High Incidence ◽

Northwestern Spain

SUMMARYThe high incidence of norovirus (NoV) infections seems to be related to the emergence of new variants that evolved by genetic drift of the capsid gene. In this work, that represents a first effort to describe the molecular epidemiology of NoV in the northwest of Spain, a total of eight different NoV genotypes (GII.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14) were detected. The major genotypes observed were GII.4 (45·42%) and GII.14 (34·9%), being detected in all age groups. In addition, and although most of GII.4 sequences belonged to 2006b (7·2%) and 2010 (50·35%) variants, the presence of new NoV variants was observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a high number of GII.4 sequences (35·24%) could be assigned to the newly emerging Sydney 2012 variant, even during late 2010. The high prevalence of NoV GII.14 observed in this study may indicate the emergence of this genotype in Spain.

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Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.25380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 738-743 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akongnwi E. Mugyia ◽

Valentine N. Ndze ◽

Jane-Francis T. K. Akoachere ◽

Hannah Browne ◽

Angeline Boula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Children Under 5

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Foreword

Harvard Educational Review ◽

10.17763/haer.47.3.q872165602118241 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. xi-xii

Author(s):

Helen Popp

Keyword(s):

Focal Points ◽

Points Of Interest ◽

New Knowledge

How children acquire language and how they learn to read and write are timeless concerns. Theory related to these processes is modified by new knowledge and experiences;the focal points of interest in each process shift; and recommendations for instruction change as one theory or another gains recognition.

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Perspective on Data Science

Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application ◽

10.1146/annurev-statistics-040220-013917 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roger D. Peng ◽

Hilary S. Parker

Keyword(s):

Iterative Process ◽

Data Science ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Broad Definition ◽

The Core ◽

Fields Of Study ◽

Points Of Interest ◽

New Knowledge

The field of data science currently enjoys a broad definition that includes a wide array of activities which borrow from many other established fields of study. Having such a vague characterization of a field in the early stages might be natural, but over time maintaining such a broad definition becomes unwieldy and impedes progress. In particular, the teaching of data science is hampered by the seeming need to cover many different points of interest. Data scientists must ultimately identify the core of the field by determining what makes the field unique and what it means to develop new knowledge in data science. In this review we attempt to distill some core ideas from data science by focusing on the iterative process of data analysis and develop some generalizations from past experience. Generalizations of this nature could form the basis of a theory of data science and would serve to unify and scale the teaching of data science to large audiences. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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