scholarly journals History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Hanna Yolanda ◽  
Theerapong Krajaejun
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Pythium Insidiosum ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Similar Survival

The fungus-like microorganism Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using P. insidiosum antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. P. insidiosum crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local P. insidiosum infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available P. insidiosum genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.

scholarly journals OX40L–OX40 Signaling in Atopic Dermatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Masutaka Furue ◽  
Mihoko Furue
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Antigen Presenting

OX40 is one of the co-stimulatory molecules expressed on T cells, and it is engaged by OX40L, primarily expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells. The OX40L–OX40 axis is involved in the sustained activation and expansion of effector T and effector memory T cells, but it is not active in naïve and resting memory T cells. Ligation of OX40 by OX40L accelerates both T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) effector cell differentiation. Recent therapeutic success in clinical trials highlights the importance of the OX40L–OX40 axis as a promising target for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Remission of Alopecia Universalis after 1 Year of Treatment with Dupilumab in a Patient with Severe Atopic Dermatitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Maurizio Romagnuolo ◽  
Mauro Barbareschi ◽  
Simona Tavecchio ◽  
Luisa Angileri ◽  
Silvia Mariel Ferrucci
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Disorder ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Severe Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Alopecia Universalis ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Relapsing Remitting

Alopecia areata (AA), an autoimmune disease with a relapsing-remitting course, represents the second cause of non­scarring alopecia worldwide and is associated with several comorbidities, notably atopic dermatitis (AD). In particular, AD is related to its more severe forms alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU) [Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17011]. Considering that AA has been classified as T helper 1-driven disease, whereas AD is the prototypical T helper 2 (Th2)-driven skin disorder, recent studies suggest that these forms may underlie a different chemokine expression resulting in a Th2 skewing as a key pathomechanism that could explain this association [JAMA Dermatol. 2015 May;151(5):522–8]. Several reports showed that dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin 4α receptor and thus downregulating Th2 response, led to an improvement of AA associated with AD; most of these patients were females with AT or AU, early-onset AD, and atopic comorbidities [Exp Dermatol. 2020 Aug;29(8):726–32]. We report here a case to further support this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Changes in Maternal Peripheral T Helper 1-Type and T Helper 2-Type Immunity during Labor.

2001 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyohiko Kuwajima ◽  
Shunji Suzuki ◽  
Rintaro Sawa ◽  
Yoshio Yoneyama ◽  
Toshiyuki Takeshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2

The Effect of Crocus sativus Extract on Human Lymphocytes' Cytokines and T Helper 2/T Helper 1 Balance

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1538-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Boskabady ◽  
Seyedh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani ◽  
Houshang Rafatpanah ◽  
Abadolrahim Rezaei ◽  
Azam Alavinejad
Keyword(s):  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2

scholarly journals Adenosine A 2A receptor activation inhibits T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell development and effector function

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 3491-3499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Csóka ◽  
Leonóra Himer ◽  
Zsolt Selmeczy ◽  
E. Sylvester Vizi ◽  
Pal Pacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Effector Function ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2

scholarly journals Evidence of Immunosuppressive and Th2 Immune Polarizing Effects of Antidiabetic Momordica charantia Fruit Juice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufine Fachinan ◽  
Adnette Fagninou ◽  
Magloire Pandoua Nekoua ◽  
Abdou Madjid Amoussa ◽  
Marius Adjagba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation

The mechanism of action of the antidiabetic capacity of Momordica charantia is still under investigation. Here, we assessed phytochemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and effects of total and filtered fruit and leafy stem juices of Momordica charantia on human T cell proliferation and differentiation through quantification of Th1/Th2 cytokines. In the absence of stimulation, total fruit and leafy stem juices induced significant T cell proliferation. Under PHA stimulation, both juices potentiated plant-induced T cell proliferation. However, the filtered fruit and leafy stem juices significantly inhibited PHA-stimulated T cell proliferation, while neither juice influenced T cell proliferation. Moreover, total and filtered fruit juice increased IL-4 secretion, while total and filtered leafy stem juice enhanced IFN-γ production. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, anthocyans, steroids, and triterpenoids in both juices. Alkaloids, quinone derivatives, cardenolides, and cyanogenic derivatives were undetectable. The saponins present in total juices were undetectable after filtration. Moreover, both juices had appreciable antioxidant capacity. Our study supports the type 1 antidiabetic effect of filtered fruit juice of M. charantia which may be related to its immunosuppressive and T-helper 2 cell inducing capacities. Due to their immune-stimulatory activities and their ability to increase T-helper 1 cell cytokines, total fruit and leafy stem juices may serve in the treatment of immunodeficiency and certain infections.

scholarly journals Ratios of T-helper 2 Cells to T-helper 1 Cells and Cytokine Levels in Patients with Hepatitis B

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (15) ◽  
pp. 1810-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Li ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Jing Qu ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2 ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
T Helper 1 Cells

scholarly journals Role of beta1 and beta2 subunits of the interleukin-12 receptor in determining T helper 1/T helper 2 responses in vivo in the rat

Immunology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Gillespie ◽  
C.-C. Szeto ◽  
V. M. Betin ◽  
P. W. Mathieson
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 1 ◽  
T Helper 2
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