scholarly journals The Role of Pathology in the Diagnosis of Swine Respiratory Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Sarli ◽  
Giulia D’Annunzio ◽  
Francesca Gobbo ◽  
Cinzia Benazzi ◽  
Fabio Ostanello
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Respiratory Pathology ◽  
Etiological Agents

The definition “porcine respiratory disease complex” (PRDC) is used to indicate the current approach for presenting respiratory pathology in modern pig farming. PRDC includes pneumonias with variable pictures, mixed with both aerogenous and hematogenous forms with variable etiology, often multimicrobial, and influenced by environmental and management factors. The notion that many etiological agents of swine respiratory pathology are ubiquitous in the airways is commonly understood; however, their isolation or identification is not always associable with the current pathology. In this complex context, lung lesions registered at slaughterhouse or during necropsy, and supplemented by histological investigations, must be considered as powerful tools for assigning a prominent role to etiologic agents. In recent years, the goal of colocalizing causative agents with the lesions they produce has been frequently applied, and valid examples in routine diagnostics are those that indicate pulmonary involvement during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections.

scholarly journals Assessment of Lung Disease in Finishing Pigs at Slaughter: Pulmonary Lesions and Implications on Productivity Parameters

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3604
Author(s):  
Yania Paz-Sánchez ◽  
Pedro Herráez ◽  
Óscar Quesada-Canales ◽  
Carlos G. Poveda ◽  
Josué Díaz-Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Swine respiratory disease is associated with productive losses. We evaluated the prevalence of lung lesions with an emphasis on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as well as the impact on productive parameters in 108 finishing pigs at slaughter. Pathologic, immunohistochemical (IHC) and serologic analyses were performed. Pneumonic processes were observed in 73.1% of the animals. They mainly consisted of cranioventral bronchopneumonia (CBP) (46.3%) and pleuritis (17.6%). Microscopically, bronchointerstitial pneumonia (67.4%) was common and was occasionally combined (27.9%) with interstitial pneumonia (IP). Mh and PCV2-antigens were detected in bronchointerstitial pneumonia (70.7%) and IP cases (33.3%). There were low titers against Mh (18%) and high titers against PRRSV (100%) and PCV2 (65%). Animals with CBP remained at the farm longer; those with >10% of lung parenchyma involvement were sent later (208.8 days old) and had a lower average carcass weight (74.1 kg) and a lower daily weight gain (500.8 gr/day) compared with animals without lesions (567.2 gr/day, 77.7 kg, 200.8 days old). We suggest that animals that do not reach the weight at slaughter should be sent to slaughter regardless to avoid further negative impacts of respiratory disease in productive parameters.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2 and Hepatitis E Virus in oral fluid compared to detection in faeces and serum.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Plut ◽  
Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki ◽  
Marina Stukelj
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Causative Agents

Abstract Background Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are common and economically important viral disease causative agents detected in pig oral fluid (OF), faeces and serum at some infection stages. The purpose of this study was to detect and compare PRRSV, PCV2 and HEV on six pig farms to determine which of the three sample types, OF, faeces or serum is appropriate for the diagnosis of these viruses in different pig categories. The following pig categories were included in the study: 5 weeks-old (w/o), 7 w/o, 9 w/o, 11 w/o weaners, fatteners and breeding sows. Pursuant to preliminary detection of each pathogen at the selected farms, OF samples, faeces, serum pools and 10 individual sera were tested with PCR for each age category. If any of the viruses were found in pools of faeces and OF, then faeces and OF from positive farms were tested separately for each pig category. The nucleic acid isolated from the samples was detected with RT-PCR, PCR and real-time RT-PCR for PRRSV, PCV2 and HEV respectively. Results PRRSV and HEV were detected on one farm and PCV2 on three others, positive results being more often obtained from the OF than from the faeces of the same animals. Testing of 10 individual sera samples from pigs from the same group of pigs was also performed, and detected the virus in individual sera and OF in the same pig category, with some exceptions: PRRSV was detected in the OF of fatteners but was absent in their sera; PCV2 was detected in sera but absent in group samples or vice-versa but OF sample , whereas HEV was detected in the OF of the youngest, 5w/o weaners and absent in sera of the same age group. Conclusions The primary finding of the study is that OF is a welfare-friendly, non-invasive and highly efficient matrix for pathogen detection, thus evidencing the utility of pig OF as a matrix in which each of the three viruses considered can be detected with the highest probability.

scholarly journals Comparison of Four Commercial One-Dose Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines Administered to Pigs Challenged with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus at 17 Weeks Postvaccination To Control Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex under Korean Field Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoon Park ◽  
Hwi Won Seo ◽  
Kiwon Han ◽  
Chanhee Chae
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

ABSTRACTUnder Korean field conditions, coinfection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is most commonly observed in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Despite the wide use of PCV2 vaccination, PRDC remains a serious respiratory problem. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of 4 one-dose PCV2 vaccines on 3-week-old pigs with an experimental PCV2-PRRSV challenge at 17 weeks postvaccination. Regardless of which commercial PCV2 vaccine was used, the vaccination of piglets at 3 weeks of age was efficacious against cochallenge of PCV2 and PRRSV, on the basis of growth performance and PCV2-associated lesions. However, the inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 and the PCV2 vaccines induced higher PCV2-specific neutralizing antibody (NA) titers and PCV2-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells and lower PCV2 viremia levels than the two PCV2 subunit vaccines. The vaccination of piglets against PCV2 at 3 weeks of age was effective in reducing PCV2 viremia and PCV2-associated lesions during the finishing period, which is an age at which pigs are frequently affected by PRDC caused by coinfection with PCV2 and PRRSV under Korean field conditions.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Jeongmin Suh ◽  
Taehwan Oh ◽  
Keehwan Park ◽  
Siyeon Yang ◽  
Hyejean Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lesion Severity ◽  
Severe Lung

The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

scholarly journals Epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and its coinfection rate in Shandong province in China from 2015 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zicheng Ma ◽  
Mengda Liu ◽  
Zhaohu Liu ◽  
Fanliang Meng ◽  
Hongyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the crucial swine viral pathogens, caused porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Shandong province is one of the most important pork producing areas and bears a considerable economic loss due to PCVAD. However, there is limited information on epidemiology and coinfection rate of PCV2 with other critical swine diseases in this area, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Results Overall, 89.59% serum samples and 36.98% tissue samples were positive for PCV2 specified ELISA and PCR positive for PCV2, respectively. The coinfection rates of PCV2 with PRRSV, PRV, CSFV, and PEDV were 26.73%, 18.37%, 13.06%, and 3.47%, respectively. Moreover, genetic characteristic of PCV2 were analyzed based on the cap genes showing that PCV2d is the dominant sub-genotype circulating in the province. Conclusions Our findings reveal that PCV2d, as the dominant strain, is prevailing in pig farms in Shandong province at high levels. There was a high frequency of coinfection of PCV2 and PRRSV.

scholarly journals Histopathological and virological findings in emaciated pigs from Mexico: an exploratory study

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Aide Alpízar ◽  
Joaquim Segalés ◽  
Simón Martínez ◽  
Atalo Martínez ◽  
Guadalupe Socci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The objective of this work was to detect the presence of three main pig respiratory viral agents (porcine rubulavirus [PorPV], porcine circovirus type 2 [PCV-2], and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [PRRSV]) in tissues of emaciated piglets from the Baj'o Region (Mexico). Necropsies and histopathological studies of 37 pigs with poor body condition were performed; viruses were detected by molecular biology methods and PCV-2 was further assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia was observed in 25/37 (68%) of the piglets. Also, a varying degree of lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs was found in 14/37 (38%) animals. Through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), from the 37 pigs, 16 were positive for PCV-2, 18 for PRRSV and 1 for PorPV. In accordance with these results, the infection and/or co-infection with PCV-2 and PRRSV were fairly frequent findings in piglets with poor body condition in Mexico, while the infection by PorPV was apparently negligible. Wasting of post-weaning piglets is a global pig farming problem that causes great economic losses and has been associated with diverse factors: microbial agents, environmental factors, nutritional factors, and management. When the Blue Eye Disease was first reported in Mexico, it was associated with severe wasting in post-weaning piglets. This study demonstrated that this disease does not seem to play such an important role in the wasting as was previously thought.

scholarly journals Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated lesions produced by co-infection between two genotypes of PCV2 and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 2486-2494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoon Park ◽  
Hwi Won Seo ◽  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
Kiwon Han ◽  
Chanhee Chae
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concurrent Infections

The objective of this study was to compare the virulence and pathogenicity of a combination of concurrent infections of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of PCV2 viraemia, and PCV2-associated lesions and antigens in co-infected pigs. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 (or type 2) PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean clinical respiratory scores and lower average daily weight gain compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b). Co-infection induced significantly lower levels of anti-PCV2 and anti-PRRSV IgG antibodies than infection with one genotype alone, regardless of the genotype of the two viruses. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 2 PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of PCV2 viraemia, more severe PCV2-associated lesions, and more PCV2 DNA within the lesions compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 PRRSV. However, there was no significant difference in these parameters in pigs with PCV2a/type 2 PRRSV or PCV2b/type 2 PRRSV. The results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV but no significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of PCV2a and PCV2b with respect to the production of PCV2-associated lesions.

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