scholarly journals Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Ignacio Cazcarro ◽  
Albert E. Steenge
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Selection Of

This article originates from the theoretical and empirical characterization of factors in the World Trade Model (WTM). It first illustrates the usefulness of this type of model for water research to address policy questions related to virtual water trade, water constraints and water scarcity. It also illustrates the importance of certain key decisions regarding the heterogeneity of water and its relation to the technologies being employed and the prices obtained. With regard to WTM, the global economic input–output model in which multiple technologies can produce a “homogeneous output”, it was recently shown that two different mechanisms should be distinguished by which multiple technologies can arise, i.e., from “technology-specific” or from “shared” factors, which implies a mechanism-specific set of prices, quantities and rents. We discuss and extend these characterizations, notably in relation to the real-world characterization of water as a factor (for which we use the terms technology specific, fully shared and “mixed”). We propose that the presence of these separate mechanisms results in the models being sensitive to relatively small variations in specific numerical values. To address this sensitivity, we suggest a specific role for specific (sub)models or key choices to counter unrealistic model outcomes. To support our proposal we present a selection of simulations for aggregated world regions, and show how key results concerning quantities, prices and rents can be subject to considerable change depending on the precise definitions of resource endowments and the technology-specificity of the factors. For instance, depending on the adopted water heterogeneity level, outcomes can vary from relatively low-cost solutions to higher cost ones and can even reach infeasibility. In the main model discussed here (WTM) factor prices are exogenous, which also contributes to the overall numerical sensitivity of the model. All this affects to a large extent our interpretation of the water challenges, which preferably need to be assessed in integrated frameworks, to account for the main socioeconomic variables, technologies and resources.

The World Trade Model: Revised estimates

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Haas ◽  
Anthony G. Turner
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World

Learning to Dispute: Repeat Participation, Expertise, and Reputation at the World Trade Organization

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 625-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
The World ◽  
Panel Review ◽  
Repeat Participation ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

This mixed‐method analysis examines the effects of repeat participation on disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Differences between disputants in terms of their experience with WTO disputing processes affect the likelihood of a dispute transitioning to a panel review in distinct ways, depending upon the configuration of the parties. More experienced complainants tend to achieve settlements, while more experienced respondents tend to refuse conciliation. Strategies of experienced respondents are derived from the expertise generated from repeated direct participation and the normalcy of disputing for repeat players as well as the benefits accruing from a reputation for being unlikely to settle. Repeat players also seek to avoid disputes expected to produce unfavorable jurisprudence but do not actively try to create new case law through the selection of disputes. This research demonstrates a dynamic learning process in how parties use international legal forums and thus extends sociolegal scholarship beyond the nation‐state.

scholarly journals Will Taiwan Be Marginalized by China?

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tain-Jy Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Market ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Labor ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Trade And Investment

This paper shows that Taiwan has benefited immensely from China's accession to the World Trade Organization, in terms of the expansion of its exports to China, owing to Taiwan's institutional and structural advantages. Behind the rapid expansion of trade and investment, however, Taiwan runs a high risk of hollowing out its domestic industries, a risk that is manifested in a decline in exports, a loss of control over logistics functions that serve the export industry, and the relocation of research and development activities to China. Taiwan is facing an uphill battle of keeping its capital- and knowledge-intensive industries at home while attempting to take advantage of low-cost Chinese labor to retain its position in the world market.

scholarly journals Developing the Food, Water, and Energy Nexus for Food and Energy Scenarios with the World Trade Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2354
Author(s):  
Ignacio Cazcarro ◽  
Naci Dilekli
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement

The food, energy, and water (FEW) nexus has gained increased attention, resulting in numerous studies on management approaches. Themes of resource use, and their subsequent scarcity and economic rents, which are within the application domain of the World Trade Model, are ripe for study, with the continuing development of forward- and backward-facing economic data. Scenarios of future food and energy demand, relating to supply chains, as well as direct and indirect resource uses, are modelled in this paper. While it is possible to generate a substantial number of economic and environmental scenarios, our focus is on the development of an overarching approach involving a range of scenarios. We intend to establish a benchmark of possibilities in the context of the debates surrounding the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) and the Green New Deal. Our approach draws heavily from the existing literature on international agreements and targets, notably that of COP21, whose application we associate with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP). Relevant factor uses and scarcity rent increases are found and localized, e.g., on the optimal qualities of water, minerals, and land. A clear policy implication is that, in all scenarios, processes of energy transition, raw material use reduction, and recycling must be strengthened.

Near Field Authentication

2013 ◽  
pp. 244-267
Author(s):  
Vasileios Lakafosis ◽  
Edward Gebara ◽  
Manos M. Tentzeris ◽  
Gerald DeJean ◽  
Darko Kirovski
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Rfid Tags ◽  
Main Task ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Security Test ◽  
Field Area

Counterfeiting affects many different sectors of the world trade, including the pharmaceutical and the aerospace industries, and, therefore, its impact is not only of financial nature but can also have fatal consequences. This chapter introduces a new robust RFID system with enhanced hardware-enabled authentication and anti-counterfeiting capabilities. The system consists of two major components, namely the near-field certificates of authenticity (NF-CoAs), which complement typical RFID tags and serve as authenticity vouchers of the products they are attached to, and a microcontroller-enabled, low-power and low-cost reader. The high entropy and security of this framework stem from the unique, conductive, and dielectric, physical structure of the certificate instances and the highly complex electromagnetic effects that take place when such a certificate is brought in the reactive near-field area of the reader’s antenna array. In particular, the reader’s main task is to accurately extract the 5 to 6 GHz near-field response (NF fingerprint) of the NF-CoAs. The characterization of the reader’s components, with an emphasis on the accuracy achieved, is provided. Rigorous performance analysis and security test results, including uniqueness among different instances, repeatability robustness for same instance and 2D to 3D projection attack resistance, are presented and verify the unique features of this technology. Rendering typical RFID tags physically unique and hard to near-exactly replicate by complementing them with NF-CoAs can prove a valuable tool against counterfeiting.

scholarly journals Characterization of the dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001.

2002 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 703-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Lioy ◽  
Clifford P Weisel ◽  
James R Millette ◽  
Steven Eisenreich ◽  
Daniel Vallero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
Smoke Aerosol ◽  
The World ◽  
Lower Manhattan ◽  
Trade Center

EVALUATING 3G LICENSING PATTERNS FOR AN INDIGENOUS STANDARD IN CHINA

2008 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 451-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
XUE HAN ◽  
JIANG YU
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Potential Operators ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of

With the largest wireless market in the world, China's selection of the appropriate 3G licensing patterns will have some crucial impacts on the landscape of telecommunication industry in China and other parts of the world. Under its obligations to the World Trade Organization, the Chinese government wishes to demonstrate a relatively structured and transparent 3G licensing process. Therefore, evaluation criteria in designing licensing patterns for the home-grown 3G standard should satisfy multiple goals to meet the requirements of the different stakeholders such as government, consumers, the potential operators, and domestic manufacturers. The surveys in methodology of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) are conducted and the results reveal that the research methodology is applicable to the evaluation and policy-making process under the transitional context.

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