EVALUATING 3G LICENSING PATTERNS FOR AN INDIGENOUS STANDARD IN CHINA

2008 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 451-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
XUE HAN ◽  
JIANG YU
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Potential Operators ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of

With the largest wireless market in the world, China's selection of the appropriate 3G licensing patterns will have some crucial impacts on the landscape of telecommunication industry in China and other parts of the world. Under its obligations to the World Trade Organization, the Chinese government wishes to demonstrate a relatively structured and transparent 3G licensing process. Therefore, evaluation criteria in designing licensing patterns for the home-grown 3G standard should satisfy multiple goals to meet the requirements of the different stakeholders such as government, consumers, the potential operators, and domestic manufacturers. The surveys in methodology of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) are conducted and the results reveal that the research methodology is applicable to the evaluation and policy-making process under the transitional context.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Ignacio Cazcarro ◽  
Albert E. Steenge
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Selection Of

This article originates from the theoretical and empirical characterization of factors in the World Trade Model (WTM). It first illustrates the usefulness of this type of model for water research to address policy questions related to virtual water trade, water constraints and water scarcity. It also illustrates the importance of certain key decisions regarding the heterogeneity of water and its relation to the technologies being employed and the prices obtained. With regard to WTM, the global economic input–output model in which multiple technologies can produce a “homogeneous output”, it was recently shown that two different mechanisms should be distinguished by which multiple technologies can arise, i.e., from “technology-specific” or from “shared” factors, which implies a mechanism-specific set of prices, quantities and rents. We discuss and extend these characterizations, notably in relation to the real-world characterization of water as a factor (for which we use the terms technology specific, fully shared and “mixed”). We propose that the presence of these separate mechanisms results in the models being sensitive to relatively small variations in specific numerical values. To address this sensitivity, we suggest a specific role for specific (sub)models or key choices to counter unrealistic model outcomes. To support our proposal we present a selection of simulations for aggregated world regions, and show how key results concerning quantities, prices and rents can be subject to considerable change depending on the precise definitions of resource endowments and the technology-specificity of the factors. For instance, depending on the adopted water heterogeneity level, outcomes can vary from relatively low-cost solutions to higher cost ones and can even reach infeasibility. In the main model discussed here (WTM) factor prices are exogenous, which also contributes to the overall numerical sensitivity of the model. All this affects to a large extent our interpretation of the water challenges, which preferably need to be assessed in integrated frameworks, to account for the main socioeconomic variables, technologies and resources.

Learning to Dispute: Repeat Participation, Expertise, and Reputation at the World Trade Organization

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 625-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
The World ◽  
Panel Review ◽  
Repeat Participation ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

This mixed‐method analysis examines the effects of repeat participation on disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Differences between disputants in terms of their experience with WTO disputing processes affect the likelihood of a dispute transitioning to a panel review in distinct ways, depending upon the configuration of the parties. More experienced complainants tend to achieve settlements, while more experienced respondents tend to refuse conciliation. Strategies of experienced respondents are derived from the expertise generated from repeated direct participation and the normalcy of disputing for repeat players as well as the benefits accruing from a reputation for being unlikely to settle. Repeat players also seek to avoid disputes expected to produce unfavorable jurisprudence but do not actively try to create new case law through the selection of disputes. This research demonstrates a dynamic learning process in how parties use international legal forums and thus extends sociolegal scholarship beyond the nation‐state.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of the Chinese Market Economy Status given by Argentina and Brazil

Revista CS ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 47-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Urdinez
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Status Recognition

When China signed a Protocol of Accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001, other country members were allowed to consider China as a Non-Market Economy until the end of 2016. Taking into account this restraint, the aim of this paper is to answer the following question: can the Market Economy Status Recognition (MES) be measured by a de-facto compliance? The variable used to measure the compliance is the number of antidumping investigations initiated by each country. Hence, the countries which recognize China as a market economy would have a fewer antidumping investigations than the countries that are still treating Beijing as a Non Market Economy, which is the key reason of why the Chinese Government has been campaigning vigorously since 2001 to gain a MES status by a larger number of its economic partners.

scholarly journals Reactions To The UN Conference On Population And Development

1970 ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Lebanese American University
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Environmental Contaminants ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The World

Many, undoubtedly, continue to question why specific reference should be made to women, where problems of the environment and health are concerned, when the whole of humanity is in the same boat. Could it be because women's involvement in the policy-making process is weak. Or maybe because breast cancer is increasing at geometric rates all over the world and because cancer survivors, environmentalists, and a handful of researchers are pointing to environmental contaminants as the epidemic's central culprit!

scholarly journals Measures with Multiple Purposes: Puzzles from EC—Seal Products

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Regan
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Technical Barriers To Trade ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Dispute System

European Communities—Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products is the first case in which the dispute system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has wrestled with a regulation that pursued mul-tiple conflicting, legitimate purposes. (I will explain later why Brazil—Retreaded Tyres is not such a case.) This generates puzzles about applying the definition of a “technical regulation” to complex measures; about whether an exception to a ban can be justified by a purpose different from that of the ban; and about how to apply “less restrictive alternative” analysis to measures with multiple goals. The first of these puzzles is unique to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT); the second and third concern the TBT, the General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and probably other agreements.

scholarly journals Measuring the Cost of Privacy: A Look at the Distributional Effects of Private Bargaining

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kucik ◽  
Krzysztof J. Pelc
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Domestic Law

Transparency is one of the most contested aspects of international organizations. While observers frequently call for greater oversight of policy making, evidence suggests that settlement between states is more likely when negotiations are conducted behind closed doors. The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) legal body provides a useful illustration of these competing perspectives. As in many courts, WTO dispute settlement is designed explicitly to facilitate settlement throughprivateconsultations. However, this study argues that the privacy of negotiations creates opportunities for states to strike deals that disadvantage others. Looking at product-level trade flows from all disputes between 1995 and 2011, it finds that private (early) settlements lead to discriminatory trade outcomes – complainant countries gain disproportionately more than the rest of the membership. When the facts of a case are made known through a ruling, these disproportional gains disappear entirely. The article also finds that third-party participation – commonly criticized for making settlement less likely – significantly reduces disparities in post-dispute trade. It then draws parallels to domestic law and concludes with a set of policy prescriptions.

scholarly journals The Role of Neuroaccounting (the Science of Neural-based Accounting) in Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Tri Frida Suryati ◽  
William Indra S. Mooduto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Agency Relationships ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

The present study aims to determine the role of neuroaccounting in decision making. The data collection method is conducted by using interviews, moreover, the data analysis is analyzed by administering the interpretation of subjective understanding of informants which then followed by researchers' reflexivity. The results suggest that principal-agent relationships can occur when the legislature and the executive establish agency relationships in the policy-making process. In the perception of neuroscience; the interest of interest, the limited time of office, the inclination and limitation of knowledge to know all the public needs can be imprinted and settled in the brain, thus, it can create moral hazard and adverse selection of behavior.

scholarly journals From "open up the policy-making process" towards “open policy designs”

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar N. Cruz-Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Open Government ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Open Policy ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Government Perspective

Due progressive influence of the Open-Government (OpGov) movement as an emerging paradigm over several nation state-reforms and over debates and processes around the world (Ramírez-Alujas & Cruz-Rubio, 2012) this paper seeks to identify and explore the main elements in defining and analyzing policy designs in the face of the Open Government perspective. Specifically, this effort addresses several questions: What policy-design dimensions (tools, instruments and rationales) may define a policy design as an “open policy design”? What directions should take policy-research in order to cope adequately with this (presumably) new subject of study?

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