Ergonomics - Accessible design - Guidelines for designing tactile symbols and characters

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
PCI Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 35-61
Author(s):  
Chungwook Sim ◽  
Maher Tadros ◽  
David Gee ◽  
Micheal Asaad

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a special concrete mixture with outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. It is a mixture of portland cement, supplementary cementitious materials, sand, and high-strength, high-aspect-ratio microfibers. In this paper, the authors propose flexural design guidelines for precast, prestressed concrete members made with concrete mixtures developed by precasters to meet minimum specific characteristics qualifying it to be called PCI-UHPC. Minimum specified cylinder strength is 10 ksi (69 MPa) at prestress release and 18 ksi (124 MPa) at the time the member is placed in service, typically 28 days. Minimum flexural cracking and tensile strengths of 1.5 and 2 ksi (10 and 14 MPa), respectively, according to ASTM C1609 testing specifications are required. In addition, strain-hardening and ductility requirements are specified. Tensile properties are shown to be more important for structural optimization than cylinder strength. Both building and bridge products are considered because the paper is focused on capacity rather than demand. Both service limit state and strength limit state are covered. When the contribution of fibers to capacity should be included and when they may be ignored is shown. It is further shown that the traditional equivalent rectangular stress block in compression can still be used to produce satisfactory results in prestressed concrete members. A spreadsheet workbook is offered online as a design tool. It is valid for multilayers of concrete of different strengths, rows of reinforcing bars of different grades, and prestressing strands. It produces moment-curvature diagrams and flexural capacity at ultimate strain. A fully worked-out example of a 250 ft (76.2 m) span decked I-beam of optimized shape is given.


1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Nuckols ◽  
A. Purer ◽  
G. A. Deason

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Carlucci ◽  
R. Pellen ◽  
J. Pritchard ◽  
W. Demassi

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Fadzila Aziz ◽  
Ismail Said

The provision of conducive learning environments in schools is important in determining the effectiveness of the curriculum and co-curriculum implementation, as well as enriching children’s outdoor play and environmental learning. However, the development of green spaces within school compound is not a priority in Malaysian schools. This paper aims to explore the issues related to the provision of green spaces in Malaysian national primary schools. There are various green spaces that can be provided in school setting such as field, pocket spaces, soft and hard play areas, and animal life, which serves different purposes for children’s activities. Though, the limited budget and the lack of knowledge and design guidelines are among the obstacles encountered by Malaysian schools in developing functional green spaces that provide learning opportunities for children. A greater effort is needed in helping the schools developing their green spaces in terms of funding, expert knowledge and community support.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document