Faculty Opinions recommendation of A reverse genetic, nontransgenic approach to wheat crop improvement by TILLING.

AbstractDicer-Like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) gene families are known as RNA silencing machinery genes or RNAi genes. They have important activities at post-transcriptional and chromatin modification levels. They regulate gene expression relating to different stresses, growth, and development in eukaryotes. A complete cycle of gene silencing is occurred by the collaboration of these three families. However, these gene families are not yet rigorously studied in the economically important wheat genome. Our bioinformatic analysis based genome-wide identification, characterization, diversification and regulatory components of these gene families identified 7 TaDCL, 39 TaAGO and 16 TaRDR genes from wheat genome against RNAi genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic analysis of wheat genome with Arabidopsis and rice RNAi genes showed that TaDCL, TaAGO and TaRDR proteins are clustered into four, eight and four subgroups respectively. Domain, motif and exon-intron structure analyses showed that the TaDCL, TaAGO and TaRDR proteins conserve identical characteristics within groups while retain diverse differences between groups. GO annotations implied that a number of biological and molecular pathways are linked to RNAi mechanism in wheat. Gene networking between transcription factors and RNAi proteins indicates that ERF is the leading family linked to maximum RNAi genes followed by MIKC-MADS, C2H2, BBR-BPC, MYB, and Dof. Cis-regulatory elements associated to RNAi genes are predicted to act as regulatory components against various environmental conditions. Expressed sequence tag analysis showed that larger numbers of RNAi genes are expressed in different tissues and organs predicted to play roles for healthy plants and grains. Expression analysis of 7 TaDCL genes using qRT-PCR showed that only TaDCL3a and TaDCL3b had root specific significant expression (p-value<0.05) with no expression in leaf validated EST results. Besides, TaDCL3b and TaDCL4 significantly prompted in drought condition indicating their potential role in drought stress tolerance. Overall results would however help researchers for in-depth biological investigation of these RNAi genes in wheat crop improvement.

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Estimate Different Bioagent as A Biofertilizer with Two Level From Chemical Fertilizer on Wheat Crop Improvement

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2017.58.4b.5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 58 (4B) ◽

Keyword(s):

Crop Improvement ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Wheat Crop

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Next-generation sequencing applications for wheat crop improvement

American Journal of Botany ◽

10.3732/ajb.1100309 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 365-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Paul J. Berkman ◽

Kaitao Lai ◽

Michał T. Lorenc ◽

David Edwards

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Next Generation ◽

Generation Sequencing

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Are continued public sector and CGIAR investments on wheat crop improvement research justifiable? A Moroccan case

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/00307270211023058 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003072702110230

Author(s):

Yigezu A Yigezu ◽

Tamer El-Shater ◽

Zewdie Bishaw ◽

Abdoul Aziz Niane ◽

Mohamed Boughlala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Benefit ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Past Research ◽

International Investment ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Switching Regression ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio

In Morocco, the adoption of recent improved wheat varieties is low, casting doubt on whether investments in wheat research are paying off. This paper generates estimates of the returns to the national and international investment in wheat research for Morocco. The benefits are estimated by applying the endogenous switching regression model to data from a nationally representative sample survey of 2,296 wheat fields, whereas costs were estimated using data on public and CGIAR (INRA-CG) investments on wheat research in Morocco. Considering all the benefits and costs of wheat research investment in Morocco, we estimated a conservative benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 19.64 with 623 thousand tons (14.8%) of additional wheat supply from domestic production and net economic benefit of US$355 million. We also estimated that institutional problems in the seed system identified by past research are causing the country to lose at least 746.6 thousand tons (17.7%) wheat production and net economic benefit of US$75.2 million. These results show that despite the institutional challenges, wheat research in Morocco is still paying off and the country has sufficient incentives to address the problems in the seed sector that prevent the development and uptake of recent varieties.

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Homoeologous Recombination: A Novel and Efficient System for Broadening the Genetic Variability in Wheat

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10081059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Dal-Hoe Koo ◽

Bernd Friebe ◽

Bikram S. Gill

Keyword(s):

Recombination Frequency ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Wheat Chromosome ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Homoeologous Recombination ◽

Efficient System ◽

Wild Wheat ◽

Chromosome 5B ◽

Recombinant Frequency ◽

Ph1 Gene

Gene transfer from wild wheat relatives to bread wheat is restricted to homologous recombination. The presence of the Pairing homoeologous 1 (Ph1) gene in the long arm of wheat chromosome 5B allows only homologous chromosomes to pair and recombine, resulting in diploid inheritance of polyploid wheat. Previously, we identified a potent homoeologous pairing promotor gene(s) (Hpp-5Mg); its carrier chromosome 5Mg derived from Aegilops geniculata and its wheat homoeologous chromosome 5D freely recombined in the presence of the Ph1 gene. In this study, we investigated the effect of Hpp-5Mg on homoeologous recombination in the absence of Ph1. In Hpp-5Mg/ph1bph1b plants, we observed a vast genome-wide increase in homoeologous recombination and multiple crossovers (CO), including CO breakpoints in proximal regions of the chromosomes where recombination is known to be suppressed. We tested the efficacy of Hpp-5Mg/ph1bph1b-induced homoeologous recombination by producing new recombinants for the wheat streak mosaic virus resistance gene, Wsm3, present in the wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Robertsonian translocation (RobT T7BS.7S#3L). A recombination frequency of 6.5% was detected by screening the progenies double monosomic for T7BS.7S#3L and 7B by genomic in situ hybridization. This recombination frequency was about 100-fold higher compared with the recombinant frequency of 0.06% observed by using ph1b-induced homoeologous recombination alone. Our results indicate that chromosome 5Mg promotes homoeologous recombination between wheat and wild wheat relative chromosomes, which helps in the generation of pre-breeding materials thereby accelerating wheat crop improvement.

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PAPER ADAPTED FROM PRESENTATION AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 U-impact pathway for diagnosis and impact assessment of crop improvement

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859607007046 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 145 (3) ◽

pp. 195-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. DIXON ◽

J. HELLIN ◽

O. ERENSTEIN ◽

P. KOSINA

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Value Chains ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Farm Household ◽

Public And Private ◽

Improved Varieties ◽

Impact Pathway ◽

Household System

Agricultural research has contributed enormously to poverty reduction and increased food security worldwide. Wheat crop improvement is a good example of this contribution. Public investments in wheat research from the Green Revolution onwards led to significant productivity increases: following the widespread adoption of semi-dwarf varieties, annual yield growth rates peaked at 2·75% p.a. in the 1980s. Since then, public and private investments in crop (including wheat) research have been modest despite the potential of such research to contribute substantially to the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving hunger and poverty by 2015. Drawing on a wide spectrum of recent literature, the present paper broadens the usual frame of reference for diagnosing the adoption of improved technology and measuring impact. The adoption of improved varieties and management practices is influenced on the supply side by the nature and performance of the input delivery pathway from research to the farm (input value chains), and on the demand side by the characteristics of the farm household system and the marketing or value-adding chains from the farm to the consumer (output value chains). These three elements (input value chains, farm household system characteristics, and output value chains) can be viewed as a U-impact pathway. This pathway determines the rate and extent of adoption of improved varieties and practices, the magnitude of direct and indirect impacts, and the potential for feedback loops leading to improved functioning of the input and output value chains. The U-impact pathway provides a framework to identify an expanded set of beneficiaries from crop improvement which extend beyond the common focus on producers and final consumers; conventional surplus analysis can then be used to estimate the wider benefits to crop improvement. Additional metrics may be needed to estimate impact related to non-economic benefits, such as poverty, health and social capital. The implication of this fuller accounting of impacts is that the benefits accruing to agricultural research may be greater, and more widely distributed across the economy, than previously recognized by research managers and policy-makers. This strengthens the case for maintained or increased public and private sector investment in crop improvement.

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Characterization of Advanced Tilling and Its Application in Cotton

Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Research ◽

10.33140/jahr.04.01.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Crop Improvement ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Reverse Genetic ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Tilling Population ◽

Genomic Approach ◽

Local Lesions

Among all the fibre crops, cotton is most important economic fibre crop. It is known as white gold because it contributes in the economic, industrial and agricultural sectors. In GDP, it contributes to about 1.6% and have share 7.8% in agricultural products. Pakistan is ranked 5th in world in term of consumption and has 4th in term of total cotton production in 2015-2016. The seed cotton yield and production are stagnant for more than decade in Pakistan, biotic and abiotic stresses are considered as major reasons of this stagnancy. Mutagenesis is an important tool in crop improvement. In breeding programs, mutation is an important tool for creating the variations. Powerful reverse genetic strategies allow the detection of induced point mutation. TILLING (Target Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is genomic approach which is used for the screening of mutant and germplasm collection for the for the allelic variant in targeted gene. This kind of research explores an advanced TILLING population for various parameters. The main advantage of TILLING is that this technique can be used for any plant species, irrespective of its genome size, ploidy level and method of propagation.

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