Faculty Opinions recommendation of One size does not fit all: the emerging frontier in large-scale marine conservation.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Boero
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Conservation

scholarly journals Effective public participation is fundamental for marine conservation - lessons from a large scale MPA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Day
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Public ◽  
Marine Park ◽  
Participation Program

The Representative Areas Program (RAP) was, at the time, the most comprehensive process of community involvement and participatory planning for any environmental issue in Australia. The RAP was a key component of the widely acclaimed rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and although completed in 2003, many lessons learned are still relevant today. This paper provides an analysis of the comprehensive public participation program that significantly influenced the final planning outcome. It provides insights into a fundamental component of effective marine planning, assessing what worked well and what did not in terms of public engagement. Some aspects of the public participation program were innovative, and some were more effective than others. The outcome was one-third of the Marine Park was declared as highly protected no-take zones in 2004, with the remainder of the park also zoned to provide lower levels of protection. The methods used to engage the public and the 25 lessons discussed in this paper should be of interest for practitioners, policy makers and academics elsewhere aiming for ‘good practice’ approaches to achieve environmental conservation.

scholarly journals Comparing the Performance of Four Very Large Marine Protected Areas with Different Levels of Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9572
Author(s):  
Veronica Relano ◽  
Maria Lourdes Deng Palomares ◽  
Daniel Pauly
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fishing The Line ◽  
Different Levels

In the last decades, several targets for marine conservation were set to counter the effects of increasing fishing pressure, e.g., protecting 10% of the sea by 2020, and establishing large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs). Using the ‘reconstructed’ catch data for 1950 to 2018 made available by the Sea Around Us initiative, we show that the declaration of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in 1983 by the U.S.A. and its protection by the U.S. Coast Guard had a much bigger impact on catches around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands than the subsequent creation of a LSMPA. This is similar to Pitcairn Islands, a UK territory. Trends differed sharply in the Galapagos and New Caledonia, where neither their EEZ declaration nor the LSMPA (by Ecuador in 1988 and by France in 2014) stopped local fisheries from continuous expansion. Our results also demonstrate that in the studied multizone LSMPAs continued local fishing induces a ‘fishing down’ effect wherein the mean trophic level (TL) declined, especially in the Galapagos, by 0.1 TL per decade. Stakeholders’ responses to a short questionnaire and satellite imagery lent support to these results in that they documented substantial fishing operations and ‘fishing the line’ within and around multizone LSMPAs. In the case of EEZs around less populated or unpopulated islands, banning foreign fishing may reduce catch much more than a subsequent LSMPA declaration. This confirms that EEZs are a tool for coastal countries to protect their marine biodiversity and that allowing fishing in an MPA, while politically convenient, may result in ‘paper parks’ within which fishing can cause the same deleterious effects as in wholly unprotected areas.

Achieving Marine Conservation Through Biosphere Reserve Planning and Management

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Kenchington ◽  
Mary T. Agardy
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Sustainable Capacity

Most marine ecosystems present priorities for conservation which are different from, but no less urgent than, those of terrestrial systems. These priorities relate to understanding and regulating human use and impact within the large scale, and the high but variable degree of connectivity of marine systems. The identification and preservation of remnant examples of marine ecosystems, otherwise destroyed by human activity, is generally less of an issue than it is for terrestrial conservation. As a consequence, the needs of marine conservation are not readily addressed by models developed for terrestrial ecosystems, which are based on excluding or severely limiting human access in managed areas. An exception is the philosophy of the Biosphere Reserve, developed as part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. This appears particularly appropriate to marine environments, as it focuses on managing human activities and impacts within the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Latitudinal Variation into the Macrofaunal Assemblages Associated to Zostera noltei Seagrass along the Atlantic Coast of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Oussama Bououarour ◽  
Soilam Boutoumit ◽  
Reda El Kamcha ◽  
Hocein Bazairi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Latitudinal Variation ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Benthic Assemblages ◽  
Zostera Noltei ◽  
Broad Scale

Large-scale research on seagrass-associated benthic fauna is very important for future regional marine conservation. In our study, we investigated spatial and latitudinal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages associated to Zostera noltei Hornemann, 1832 beds from five semi-enclosed coastal systems (SECSs) ranging from 23°N to 34°N along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Overall, 17,320 individuals were reported as belonging to 96 taxa. The ecological community descriptors differ significantly at the level of the site. Specific richness showed an inconsistent significant pattern with latitude. The multivariate analyses of the assemblage’s composition showed 57% of total variation observed in benthic assemblages, while the PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that this variation is significant at the level of the site. According to DistLM results, variations in belowground biomass, and percentage of mud, were the important predictor variables explaining this variation along the large scale of the studied SECS. However, such patterns could be related to other factors such as habitat heterogeneity and regional, biogeographic, and anthropogenic factors. The present study marked the first attempt on broad-scale ecological research of seagrass beds in Morocco and offers baseline data for planning the broad-scale conservation of biodiversity in seagrass beds that remain suffering from multiple human-induced threats such as coastal developments and climate change.

One size does not fit all: The emerging frontier in large-scale marine conservation

2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Toonen ◽  
T. ‘Aulani Wilhelm ◽  
Sara M. Maxwell ◽  
Daniel Wagner ◽  
Brian W. Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Conservation

Going Big in the Pacific

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Hanich ◽  
Clive Schofield ◽  
Chris Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Conservation Targets ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of large-scale marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean is fundamental to the achievement of global marine conservation targets. The threatened nature of the global ocean is emphasised, the evolution of global spatial targets for marine conservation outlined and the implementation of large-scale marine protected areas in Australia and the Pacific Ocean more broadly is reviewed. The article concludes with some reflections on the efficacy of such mechanisms in the Pacific.

scholarly journals Why people matter in ocean governance: Incorporating human dimensions into large-scale marine protected areas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Christie ◽  
Nathan Bennett ◽  
Noella J. Gray ◽  
T. ‘Aulani Wilhelm ◽  
Nai‘a Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Best Management

Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex sociopolitical realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation.

scholarly journals Local overfishing patterns have regional effects on health of coral, and economic transitions can promote its recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Milne ◽  
Chris Bauch ◽  
Madhur Anand
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Fish Yield ◽  
Economic Transitions

Overfishing has the potential to severely disrupt coral reef ecosystems worldwide, while harvesting at more sustainable levels instead can boost fish yield without damaging reefs. The dispersal abilities of reef species mean that coral reefs form highly connected environments, and the viability of reef fish populations depends on spatially explicit processes such as the spillover effect and unauthorized harvesting inside marine protected areas. However, much of the literature on coral conservation and management has only examined overfishing on a local scale, without considering how different spatial patterns of fishing levels can affect reef health both locally and regionally. Here, we simulate a coupled human-environment model to determine how coral and herbivorous reef fish respond to overfishing across multiple spatial scales. We find that coral and reef fish react in opposite ways to habitat fragmentation driven by overfishing, and that a potential spillover effect from marine protected areas into overfished patches helps coral populations far less than it does reef fish. We also show that ongoing economic transitions from fishing to tourism have the potential to revive fish and coral populations over a relatively short timescale, and that large-scale reef recovery is possible even if these transitions only occur locally. Our results show the importance of considering spatial dynamics in marine conservation efforts, and demonstrate the ability of economic factors to cause regime shifts in human-environment systems.

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