Faculty Opinions recommendation of Neuromodulation targeted to the prefrontal cortex induces changes in energy intake and weight loss in obesity.

Treatments to induce weight loss for the obese patient centre on the achievement of negative energy balance. This objective can theoretically be attained by interventions designed to achieve a reduction in energy intake and/or an increase in energy expenditure. Such ‘lifestyle interventions’ usually comprise one or more of the following strategies: dietary modification; behaviour change; increases in physical activity. These interventions are advocated as first treatment steps in algorithms recommended by current clinical obesity guidelines. Medication and surgical treatments are potentially available to those unable to implement ‘lifestyle interventions’ effectively by achieving losses of between 5 kg and 10 kg. It is accepted that the minimum of 5% weight loss is required to achieve clinically-meaningful benefits. Dietary treatments differ widely. Successful weight loss is most often associated with quantification of energy intake rather than macronutrient composition. Most dietary intervention studies secure a weight loss of between 5 kg and 10 kg after intervention for 6 months, with gradual weight regain at 1 year where weight changes are 3–4 kg below the starting weight. Some dietary interventions when evaluated at 2 and 4 years post intervention report the effects of weight maintenance rather than weight loss. Specific anti-obesity medications are effective adjuncts to weight loss, in most cases doubling the weight loss of those given dietary advice only. Greater physical activity alone increases energy expenditure by insufficient amounts to facilitate clinically-important weight losses, but is useful for weight maintenance. Weight losses of between half and three-quarters of excess body weight are seen at 10 years post intervention with bariatric surgery, making this arguably the most effective weight-loss treatment.

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The Effect of Meal Replacement on Weight Loss According to Calorie-Restriction Type and Proportion of Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ◽

10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jihyun Min ◽

Seo-Young Kim ◽

In-Soo Shin ◽

Young-Bae Park ◽

Young-Woo Lim

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Randomized Controlled Trials ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Calorie Restriction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Meal Replacement ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Brown adipose tissue activation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 313 (6) ◽

pp. E731-E736 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Wenjuan Wang ◽

Xiangzhi Meng ◽

Chun Yang ◽

Dongliang Fang ◽

Xuemeng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rat Model ◽

Sympathetic Denervation ◽

Brown Adipose

Loss of body weight and fat mass is one of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Weight loss is due primarily to reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure. Whereas inadequate energy intake in PD patients is caused mainly by appetite loss and impaired gastrointestinal absorption, the underlying mechanisms for increased energy expenditure remain largely unknown. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a key thermogenic tissue in humans and other mammals, plays an important role in thermoregulation and energy metabolism; however, it has not been tested whether BAT is involved in the negative energy balance in PD. Here, using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD, we found that the activity of sympathetic nerve (SN), the expression of Ucp1 in BAT, and thermogenesis were increased in PD rats. BAT sympathetic denervation blocked sympathetic activity and decreased UCP1 expression in BAT and attenuated the loss of body weight in PD rats. Interestingly, sympathetic denervation of BAT was associated with decreased sympathetic tone and lipolysis in retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissue. Our data suggeste that BAT-mediated thermogenesis may contribute to weight loss in PD.

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The Effects of a Novel Fat Emulsion (Olibra ®/ Fabuless™) on Energy Intake, Satiety, Weight Loss, and Weight Maintenance

Weight Control and Slimming Ingredients in Food Technology ◽

10.1002/9780813819679.ch4 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 55-63

Author(s):

Rick Hursel ◽

Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Weight Maintenance ◽

Fat Emulsion

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Threshold of Daily Energy and Protein Requirements to Prevent Weight Loss in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan

Austin Journal of Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.26420/austinjnutrmetab.2021.1106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nakamura T ◽

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Point Energy ◽

Protein Requirements ◽

Food Records ◽

Daily Energy

Background and Aims: Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) frequently develop weight loss. However, little is known about the energy and protein thresholds that cause weight loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss in patients with AD. Methods: We included 75 Japanese long-term care hospital patients with probable AD (22 men and 53 women, aged 65–101 years) in an interventional study. After a one-week survey using weighed food records weighed food records, the relationship between the obtained energy and protein intake and weight loss after three months was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the daily determinants of weight loss. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the threshold for discriminating weight loss. Results: Sixty-one (81.3%) patients were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Twenty patients (26.7%) had >5% weight loss. The significant associations with weight loss were Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) point, energy intake, and protein intake; with a MNA point at cutoff of 17.25, an energy intake at cutoff of 29.93kcal/kg, and a protein intake at cutoff of 1.122g/kg. Conclusion: To prevent weight loss in AD patients, it is important to prevent malnutrition and administer more than 30kcal/kg energy intake and more than 1.1g/kg protein intake. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss.

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