Faculty Opinions recommendation of Identity of neocortical layer 4 neurons is specified through correct positioning into the cortex.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Layer 4

scholarly journals Aberrant development of excitatory circuits to inhibitory neurons in the primary visual cortex after neonatal binocular enucleation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongkang Deng ◽  
Joseph P. Y. Kao ◽  
Patrick O. Kanold
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Ampa And Nmda Receptors ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation

AbstractThe development of GABAergic interneurons is important for the functional maturation of cortical circuits. After migrating into the cortex, GABAergic interneurons start to receive glutamatergic connections from cortical excitatory neurons and thus gradually become integrated into cortical circuits. These glutamatergic connections are mediated by glutamate receptors including AMPA and NMDA receptors and the ratio of AMPA to NMDA receptors decreases during development. Since previous studies have shown that retinal input can regulate the early development of connections along the visual pathway, we investigated if the maturation of glutamatergic inputs to GABAergic interneurons in the visual cortex requires retinal input. We mapped the spatial pattern of glutamatergic connections to layer 4 (L4) GABAergic interneurons in mouse visual cortex at around postnatal day (P) 16 by laser-scanning photostimulation and investigated the effect of binocular enucleations at P1/P2 on these patterns. Gad2-positive interneurons in enucleated animals showed an increased fraction of AMPAR-mediated input from L2/3 and a decreased fraction of input from L5/6. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons showed similar changes in relative connectivity. NMDAR-only input was largely unchanged by enucleation. Our results show that retinal input sculpts the integration of interneurons into V1 circuits and suggest that the development of AMPAR- and NMDAR-only connections might be regulated differently.

scholarly journals Loss of Calretinin in L5a impairs the formation of the barrel cortex leading to abnormal whisker-mediated behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzhao Su ◽  
Junhua Liu ◽  
Baocong Yu ◽  
Kaixing Zhou ◽  
Congli Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Membrane Excitability ◽  
Novelty Preference ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Dendritic Complexity ◽  
Cortex System

AbstractThe rodent whisker-barrel cortex system has been established as an ideal model for studying sensory information integration. The barrel cortex consists of barrel and septa columns that receive information input from the lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways, respectively. Layer 5a is involved in both barrel and septa circuits and play a key role in information integration. However, the role of layer 5a in the development of the barrel cortex remains unclear. Previously, we found that calretinin is dynamically expressed in layer 5a. In this study, we analyzed calretinin KO mice and found that the dendritic complexity and length of layer 5a pyramidal neurons were significantly decreased after calretinin ablation. The membrane excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission of layer 5a neurons were increased. Consequently, the organization of the barrels was impaired. Moreover, layer 4 spiny stellate cells were not able to properly gather, leading to abnormal formation of barrel walls as the ratio of barrel/septum size obviously decreased. Calretinin KO mice exhibited deficits in exploratory and whisker-associated tactile behaviors as well as social novelty preference. Our study expands our knowledge of layer 5a pyramidal neurons in the formation of barrel walls and deepens the understanding of the development of the whisker-barrel cortex system.

scholarly journals Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex of the Awake Rabbit: Contrasting Properties of Simple Cells and Putative Feedforward Inhibitory Interneurons

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (28) ◽  
pp. 11372-11389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhuang ◽  
C. R. Stoelzel ◽  
Y. Bereshpolova ◽  
J. M. Huff ◽  
X. Hei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Layer 4

Visual cortex: What layer 6 tells layer 4

Nature ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 320 (6060) ◽  
pp. 310-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon LeVay
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Layer 4

Organization of Binocular Pathways: Modeling and Data Related to Rivalry

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney R. Lehky ◽  
Randolph Blake
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Reciprocal Inhibition ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Inhibitory Coupling ◽  
Binocular Matching

It is proposed that inputs to binocular cells are gated by reciprocal inhibition between neurons located either in the lateral geniculate nucleus or in layer 4 of striate cortex. The strength of inhibitory coupling in the gating circuitry is modulated by layer 6 neurons, which are the outputs of binocular matching circuitry. If binocular inputs are matched, the inhibition is modulated to be weak, leading to fused vision, whereas if the binocular inputs are unmatched, inhibition is modulated to be strong, leading to rivalrous oscillations. These proposals are buttressed by psychophysical experiments measuring the strength of adaptational aftereffects following exposure to an adapting stimulus visible only intermittently during binocular rivalry.

Comparison of Structural and Electrical Characteristics of Solid-Phase Epitaxial Films Recrystallized By Rapid Thermal Annealing and Furnace Annealing

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sundaresan ◽  
P.-H. Chang ◽  
S.D.S. Malhi ◽  
H.W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Epitaxial Films ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Lateral Extension ◽  
Rapid Thermal Anneal ◽  
Furnace Annealing ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Polysilicon Films ◽  
Average Electron ◽  
Temperature Furnace

ABSTRACTSolid-phase epitaxial regrowth of polysilicon films. amorphized by a room-temperature silicon implant. has been achieved using a (low temperature) furnace anneal or a (high temperature) rapid thermal anneal. Lateral extension of the growth onto an oxide layer, 4 μm wide, has also been observed. The electrical properties of the films were examined by building MO2S devices in them. Average electron mobilities of 520 cm2/v-sec and 200 cm2/v-sec have been measured for films regrown on top of silicon and oxide respectively.

scholarly journals Interpretation of the Alluvial Floodplain Accumulation: On the Example of Cross-sections of Geoarchaeological Site Ostrov Listvenichnyi (Northeast Angara Region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
G. A. Vorobieva ◽  
◽  
A. M. Kuznetsov ◽  
E. O. Rogovskoi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Formation History ◽  
Alluvial Floodplain ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
High Flood ◽  
Humus Horizons

This paper examines characteristic features of floodplain accumulation at geoarchaeological site Ostrov Listvenichnyi, located on the Angara River at the same-name island (Northeast Angara region, Baikal Siberia). The problems of interpretation of topographic and lithological data, island architecture, glacial and postglacial natural climatic insights (MIS 2–MIS 1) are also touched upon. The accumulation of sediments at a series of 16 archaeological test pits recorded along the northwestern side of the island was analyzed by using pedolithological method. Island formation history included the upbuilding of the origin island based on river point bar, further transformation into “east” pre-island and final articulation of ancient “east” pre-island and younger “west” pre-island. The primary differences in alluvium composition of ancient pre-island (red beds, clay loam) and Holocene sedimentations (grey beds, sandy loam), both situated at the same level, were identified and explained. Detailed analysis of floodplain accumulation revealed eight distinct lithological layers varying by the structure and the composition. The following conclusions were reached based on the data available: lithological strata 1–5 have formed in Sartan, lithological strata 6–8 have formed in Holocene. Every layer contains the information on the changing climate and environment: signals of floods (high flood stages in 7 layer, “dry” stages in 3 layer), different phases of humification (humusless strata 1–4, first fragile humus horizons in layer 5, more pronounced humus horizons a, b, c, d in layer 4, and humus background in strata 7–8), epigenetic markers of сryogenic processes in strata 3–5. Analysis suggest also three chronologically differentiated floodplain benches: lower 1,5–2 meter bench (top of layer 3) associated with Middle Sartan; middle 2,5–3 meter bench (top of layer 5) associated with Final Sartan; top 4,5–5 meter bench (top of layer 8) associated with modern time.

scholarly journals Cortical RORβ is required for layer 4 transcriptional identity and barrel integrity

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin A Clark ◽  
Michael Rutlin ◽  
Lucia Capano ◽  
Samuel Aviles ◽  
Jordan R Saadon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Orphan Receptor ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Putative Target ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Receptor Beta

Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor beta (RORβ) is a transcription factor (TF) and marker of layer 4 (L4) neurons, which are distinctive both in transcriptional identity and the ability to form aggregates such as barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex. However, the relationship between transcriptional identity and L4 cytoarchitecture is largely unknown. We find RORβ is required in the cortex for L4 aggregation into barrels and thalamocortical afferent (TCA) segregation. Interestingly, barrel organization also degrades with age in wildtype mice. Loss of RORβ delays excitatory input and disrupts gene expression and chromatin accessibility, with down-regulation of L4 and up-regulation of L5 genes, suggesting a disruption in cellular specification. Expression and binding site accessibility change for many other TFs, including closure of neurodevelopmental TF binding sites and increased expression and binding capacity of activity-regulated TFs. Lastly, a putative target of RORβ, Thsd7a, is down-regulated without RORβ, and Thsd7a knock-out alone disrupts TCA organization in adult barrels.

scholarly journals Xerogels of Ammonium Polyvanadatomolybdate as Starting Material for Ammonia Gas Sensors

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Vladimiras Bondarenka ◽  
R. Sereika ◽  
A. Mironas ◽  
S. Grebinskij
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Soft Chemistry ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Ammonia Sensors ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
Ammonia Gas Sensors ◽  
Different Gases

The various gas sensors were designed for detection of different gases in the air using different oxides and impurities [1-3]. For example the manufacturing of ammonia sensors on the basis of CuxS-micro-porous-Si structure includes manufacture of micro-porous silicon, drawing on it of SiO2 isolating layer, and then the CuxS layer [4, 5]. The special equipment for all these processes is needed. More usable method for sensor production is so-called soft chemistry or sol–gel synthesis [6, 7].

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