Petroleum geological investigations in East Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’

1997 ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Stemmerik ◽  
Ole R. Clausen ◽  
John Korstgård ◽  
Michael Larsen ◽  
Stefan Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Related Field ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
North Greenland

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Stemmerik, L., Clausen, O. R., Korstgård, J., Larsen, M., Piasecki, S., Seidler, L., Surlyk, F., & Therkelsen, J. (1997). Petroleum geological investigations in East Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 176, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5058 _______________ The multidisciplinary research project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’ was initiated in 1995 with financial support from the Danish Research Councils (Stemmerik et al., 1996). In 1996, the hydrocarbon-related studies focused on the sedimentary basins in East Greenland between latitudes 71°N and 74°N (Fig. 1) where nine field teams worked for six weeks in July and August supported by a Hughes 500 helicopter. Within the framework of the project, additional hydrocarbon-related field studies were undertaken in 1996 in western North Greenland, and ore-geological studies were carried out in much of North Greenland (Kragh et al., 1997; Stemmerik et al., 1997). The 1996 field work in East Greenland concentrated on integrated structural, sedimentological and biostratigraphical studies of the Upper Permian and Mesozoic successions. Two Ph.D. projects focused on the sedimentology of the Lower Triassic Wordie Creek Formation and the diagenesis of the Middle and Upper Jurassic succession. Post-doctorate studies were carried out on the Mesozoic–Tertiary structural development of the basin and the mineralisation of the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation. Three student projects on Lower Triassic and Middle Jurassic ammonite stratigraphy, Upper Permian sedimentology, and fault-associated mineralisation were also included in the work. The most important new results arising from the 1996 field work are: 1) Re-interpretation of the Upper Permian Schuchert Dal Formation as a lowstand turbidite unit within the Ravnefjeld Formation; 2) Recognition of Middle Jurassic deposits and thick lowermost Cretaceous sandstones on Hold with Hope; 3) Interpretation of a full spectrum of scarp-derived coarse-clastic mass movement deposits interbedded with Cretaceous shales on eastern Traill Ø; 4) The presence of a thick sand-rich Cretaceous turbidite succession on eastern Traill Ø; 5) Re-interpretation of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic fault systems on Traill Ø and Geographical Society Ø.

Sequence stratigraphy of source and reservoir rocks in the Upper Permian and Jurassic of Jameson Land, East Greenland

1998 ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Stemmerik ◽  
Gregers Dam ◽  
Nanna Noe-Nygaard ◽  
Stefan Piasecki ◽  
Finn Surlyk
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Stratigraphy ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Reservoir Rocks

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Stemmerik, L., Dam, G., Noe-Nygaard, N., Piasecki, S., & Surlyk, F. (1998). Sequence stratigraphy of source and reservoir rocks in the Upper Permian and Jurassic of Jameson Land, East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 180, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5085 _______________ Approximately half of the hydrocarbons discovered in the North Atlantic petroleum provinces are found in sandstones of latest Triassic – Jurassic age with the Middle Jurassic Brent Group, and its correlatives, being the economically most important reservoir unit accounting for approximately 25% of the reserves. Hydrocarbons in these reservoirs are generated mainly from the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay and its correlatives with additional contributions from Middle Jurassic coal, Lower Jurassic marine shales and Devonian lacustrine shales. Equivalents to these deeply buried rocks crop out in the well-exposed sedimentary basins of East Greenland where more detailed studies are possible and these basins are frequently used for analogue studies (Fig. 1). Investigations in East Greenland have documented four major organic-rich shale units which are potential source rocks for hydrocarbons. They include marine shales of the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation (Fig. 2), the Middle Jurassic Sortehat Formation and the Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation (Fig. 4) and lacustrine shales of the uppermost Triassic – lowermost Jurassic Kap Stewart Group (Fig. 3; Surlyk et al. 1986b; Dam & Christiansen 1990; Christiansen et al. 1992, 1993; Dam et al. 1995; Krabbe 1996). Potential reservoir units include Upper Permian shallow marine platform and build-up carbonates of the Wegener Halvø Formation, lacustrine sandstones of the Rhaetian–Sinemurian Kap Stewart Group and marine sandstones of the Pliensbachian–Aalenian Neill Klinter Group, the Upper Bajocian – Callovian Pelion Formation and Upper Oxfordian – Kimmeridgian Hareelv Formation (Figs 2–4; Christiansen et al. 1992). The Jurassic sandstones of Jameson Land are well known as excellent analogues for hydrocarbon reservoirs in the northern North Sea and offshore mid-Norway. The best documented examples are the turbidite sands of the Hareelv Formation as an analogue for the Magnus oil field and the many Paleogene oil and gas fields, the shallow marine Pelion Formation as an analogue for the Brent Group in the Viking Graben and correlative Garn Group of the Norwegian Shelf, the Neill Klinter Group as an analogue for the Tilje, Ror, Ile and Not Formations and the Kap Stewart Group for the Åre Formation (Surlyk 1987, 1991; Dam & Surlyk 1995; Dam et al. 1995; Surlyk & Noe-Nygaard 1995; Engkilde & Surlyk in press). The presence of pre-Late Jurassic source rocks in Jameson Land suggests the presence of correlative source rocks offshore mid-Norway where the Upper Jurassic source rocks are not sufficiently deeply buried to generate hydrocarbons. The Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation in particular provides a useful source rock analogue both there and in more distant areas such as the Barents Sea. The present paper is a summary of a research project supported by the Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy (Piasecki et al. 1994). The aim of the project is to improve our understanding of the distribution of source and reservoir rocks by the application of sequence stratigraphy to the basin analysis. We have focused on the Upper Permian and uppermost Triassic– Jurassic successions where the presence of source and reservoir rocks are well documented from previous studies. Field work during the summer of 1993 included biostratigraphic, sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic studies of selected time slices and was supplemented by drilling of 11 shallow cores (Piasecki et al. 1994). The results so far arising from this work are collected in Piasecki et al. (1997), and the present summary highlights the petroleum-related implications.

Petroleum geological activities in East Greenland in 1997

1998 ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Larsen ◽  
Stefan Piasecki ◽  
Thomas Preuss ◽  
Lars Seidler ◽  
Lars Stemmerik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Petroleum Systems ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Research Councils

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Larsen, M., Piasecki, S., Preuss, T., Seidler, L., Stemmerik, L., Therkelsen, J., & Vosgerau, H. (1998). Petroleum geological activities in East Greenland in 1997. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 180, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5084 _______________ In 1997, petroleum geological activities were continued in East Greenland in order to increase existing knowledge on the sedimentology and biostratigraphy of the Upper Permian – Mesozoic succession, and to better define and describe the petroleum systems of the basin. The activities form part of the multidisciplinary research project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’ initiated in 1995 with financial support from the Danish Research Councils, and were mostly continuations of pre- and post-doctoral research (Stemmerik et al. 1996, 1997). Some new activities were initiated during the 1997 season with financial support from Saga Petroleum a.s.a., Norway; they included an evaluation of the thermal effects and diagenetic changes resulting from Paleogene intrusions and a more detailed sedimentological study of the newly identified Jurassic succession of northern Hold with Hope (Stemmerik et al. 1997). Five teams worked in the region in July and August 1997 studying the Upper Permian – Lower Triassic of Wegener Halvø, northern Scoresby Land and Traill Ø, the Middle Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous of Hold with Hope and the Cretaceous of Traill Ø and Geographical Society Ø (Fig. 1). The work was logistically integrated with the Survey’s other mapping activities in the region (see Henriksen 1998, this volume).

Palaeo-oil field in a Silurian carbonate buildup, Wulff Land, North Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’

1997 ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Stemmerik ◽  
Martin Sønderholm ◽  
Jørgen A. Bojesen-Koefoed
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Field Season ◽  
North Greenland ◽  
Carbonate Buildup

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Stemmerik, L., Sønderholm, M., & Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A. (1997). Palaeo-oil field in a Silurian carbonate buildup, Wulff Land, North Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 176, 24-28. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5056 _______________ The multi-disciplinary research project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’ was initiated in 1995 with financial support from the Danish Research Councils (Stemmerik et al., 1996). During the 1996 field season, hydrocarbon-related studies within the project were focused on the sedimentary basins of East Greenland (Stemmerik et al., 1997), while field work in the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland from which the observations reported here derive, was limited to two weeks in early August. The project also includes research related to the ore geology of North Greenland, especially focused on the zinc-lead deposit at Citronen Fjord (Fig. 1). This aspect of the project is covered by Langdahl & Elberling (1997) and Kragh et al. (1997). The work on the Franklinian Basin succession was based at Apollo Sø in eastern Wulff Land (Fig. 1), with the main emphasis on sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic studies of carbonates of the Cambrian portion of the Ryder Gletscher Group and the Silurian Washington Land Group. These two carbonate-dominated shelf successions are equivalent in age to the main source rocks for liquid hydrocarbons in the basin, and have been suggested as potential reservoir units in the conceptual reservoir models proposed for the basin (Christiansen, 1989). Earlier investigations in the region have shown that small occurrences of bitumen are widespread in western North Greenland, although typically closely associated with nearby source rocks (Christiansen et al., 1989a). Notable exceptions are the asphalt seepages in southern Warming Land and southern Wulff Land (Fig. 1); in these cases, long distance migration of the order of 75–100 km is envisaged (Christiansen et al., 1989a). During the 1996 field season, a palaeo-oil field was identified in a carbonate buildup in eastern Wulff Land (Victoria Fjord buildup), thus demonstrating for the first time that Silurian buildups have formed large-scale reservoirs for generated hydrocarbons in the geological past.

Hydrothermal activity in the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation of central East Greenland – a study of sulphide morphotypes

1998 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Jesper Kresten Nielsen ◽  
Mikael Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Alum Shale

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Kresten Nielsen, J., & Pedersen, M. (1998). Hydrothermal activity in the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation of central East Greenland – a study of sulphide morphotypes. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 180, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5090 _______________ Bituminous shales of the Ravnefjeld Formation were deposited in the subsiding East Greenland basin during the Upper Permian. The shales are exposed from Jameson Land in the south (71°N; Fig. 1) to Clavering Ø in the north (74°20′N) and have attracted considerable attention due to their high potential as hydrocarbon source rocks (Piasecki & Stemmerik 1991; Scholle et al. 1991; Christiansen et al. 1992, 1993a, b). Furthermore, enrichment of lead, zinc and copper has been known in the Ravnefjeld Formation on Wegener Halvø since 1968 (Lehnert-Thiel 1968; Fig. 1). This mineralisation was assumed to be of primary or early diagenetic origin due to similarities with the central European Kupferschiefer (Harpøth et al. 1986). Later studies, however, suggested base metal mineralisation in the immediately underlying carbonate reefs to be Tertiary in age (Stemmerik 1991). Due to geographical coincidence between the two types of mineralisation, a common history is a likely assumption, but a timing paradox exists. A part of the TUPOLAR project on the ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’ has been dedicated to re-investigation of the mineralisation in the Ravnefjeld Formation in order to determine the genesis of the mineralisation and whether or not primary or early diagenetic base metal enrichment has taken place on Wegener Halvø, possibly in relation to an early period of hydrothermal activity. One approach to this is to study the various sulphides in the Ravnefjeld Formation; this is carried out in close co-operation with a current Ph.D. project at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Diagenetically formed pyrite is a common constituent of marine shales and the study of pyrite morphotypes has previously been successful from thermalli immature parts of elucidating depositional environment and thermal effects in the Alum Shale Formation of Scandinavia (Nielsen 1996; Nielsen et al. 1998). The present paper describes the preliminary results of a similar study on pyrite from thermally immature parts of the Ravnefjeld Formation which, combined with the study of textures of base metal sulphides in the Wegener Halvø area (Fig. 1), may provide an important step in the evaluation of the presence or absence of early thermal activity on (or below) the Upper Permian sea floor.

Late Permian carbonate concretions in the marine siliciclastic sediments of the Ravnefjeld Formation, East Greenland

2002 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Jesper Kresten Nielsen ◽  
Nils-Martin Hanken
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Reservoir Rocks ◽  
Carbonate Concretions ◽  
Siliciclastic Sediments

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Kresten Nielsen, J., & Hanken, N.-M. (2002). Late Permian carbonate concretions in the marine siliciclastic sediments of the Ravnefjeld Formation, East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 191, 126-132. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v191.5140 _______________ This investigation of carbonate concretions from the Late Permian Ravnefjeld Formation in East Greenland forms part of the multi-disciplinary research project Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland (TUPOLAR; Stemmerik et al. 1996, 1999). The TUPOLAR project focuses on investigations and evaluation of potential hydrocarbon and mineral resources of the Upper Permian – Mesozoic sedimentary basins. In this context, the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation occupies a pivotal position because it contains local mineralisations and has source rock potential for hydrocarbons adjacent to potential carbonate reservoir rocks of the partly time-equivalent Wegener Halvø Formation (Harpøth et al. 1986; Surlyk et al. 1986; Stemmerik et al. 1998; Pedersen & Stendal 2000). A better understanding of the sedimentary facies and diagenesis of the Ravnefjeld Formation is therefore crucial for an evaluation of the economic potential of East Greenland.

scholarly journals Studies on the onshore hydrocarbon potential in East Greenland 1986-87: field work from 72° to 74°N

1987 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
C Marcussen ◽  
F.G Christiansen ◽  
P.-H Larsen ◽  
H Olsen ◽  
S Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal History ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Hydrocarbon Potential ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Hydrocarbon Traps ◽  
Subsidence History ◽  
Tectonic Study

A study of the onshore hydrocarbon potential of central and northem East Greenland was initiated in 1986. Field work was carried out from early July to mid August covering the region between Kong Oscar Fjord and Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord (fig. 1). In 1987 field activities will continue further to the north, eventually reaching Danmarkshavn (77°N). The programme is a continuation of the 1982-83 investigations in Jameson Land (Surlyk, 1983; Surlyk et al., 1984a) and is part of a regional programme comprising petroleum geological studies of all sedimentary basins in Greenland (Larsen & Marcussen, 1985; Larsen, 1986). The aim of the two-year field study followed by laboratory analyses is: (1) to study the presence and distribution of potential hydrocarbon source rocks in the region; (2) to evaluate the thermal history and maturity pattern of the region including the thermal effect of Tertiary intrusions and volcanics; (3) to make a stratigraphic, sedimentological and tectonic study of the region with special emphasis on subsidence history, reservoir formation and potential hydrocarbon traps.

scholarly journals Facies mapping and reservoir evaluation of the Upper Permian Wegener Halvø Formation in Wegener Halvø, East Greenland

1989 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
L Stemmerik ◽  
P.A Scholle ◽  
E Thomas ◽  
M Amendolia ◽  
F.H Henk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Reservoir Evaluation ◽  
Logistic Support ◽  
Reservoir Potential ◽  
Joint Group

Field work was carried out from 17 July to 3 August by a joint group from ARCO, AGIP and GGU to evaluate the reservoir potential of the Upper Permian limestones in Wegener Halvø (fig. 1). The group was based south of Paradigmabjerg (fig. 1) and had a Bell 206 helicopter available tull-time during the entire period. Logistic support was provided by the ARCO base at Constable Pynt. The Upper Permian limestones in the Wegener Halvø area have been investigated previously by GGU (Stemmerik, 1979; Surlyk, 1983; Surlyk et al., 1984a,b, 1986a; Hurst et al., 1989). Diagenetic studies of the limestones (Scholle, 1986; Hurst et al., 1989) indicate that reservoir properties are expected mainly to occur in the bryozoan-cement mounds of the Wegener Halvø Formation. Accordingly, the 1988 programme concentrated on more detailed studies of these mounds and included a shallow drilling programme conducted by GGU (see Christiansen & Stemmerik, 1989).

scholarly journals C14 dating of Survey material carried out in 1976

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 127-129
Author(s):  
A Weidick
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
National Museum ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Geodetic Institute ◽  
Map Series ◽  
North Greenland ◽  
Age Determinations

Twenty-two radiocarbon age determinations of shell samples (18), wood (3) and gyttja (1) from North and East Greenland are summarised below. All the material was collected during GGU field work. The samples have been dated at the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa (marked GSC); Isotopes Inc., Westwood, New Jersey, USA (marked I) and at the Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory of the Geological Survey of Denmark and the National Museum, Copenhagen (marked K). The samples in East Greenland are located by coordinates taken from the Danish Geodetic Institute 1:250000 map series; in North Greenland from the U.S.A.F. World AeronauticaI Chart 1: 1000000, 5th edition.

Pingos at Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, eastern North Greenland

1998 ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Bennike
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Original Series ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
System Type ◽  
North Greenland

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Bennike, O. (1998). Pingos at Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, eastern North Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 180, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5101 _______________ Pingos are isolated, conical mounds up to 50 m high with a core of ice covered by silt, sand or gravel. They are formed in regions where the ground is permanently frozen. Two types of pingo are distinguished, a closed-system and an open-system (Washburn 1979; Pissart 1988). The closed-system type is found on flat plains, whereas open-system pingos are found on valley floors. Open-system pingos grow by artesian pressure (Müller 1959; Washburn 1979). Water from higher altitudes migrates within or below the permanently frozen ground and becomes trapped within the permafrost and freezes to form a lens or core of ice. Active pingos have been reported from Svalbard, Russia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland (Washburn 1979), and fossil pingos from Pleistocene periglacial terrains have been reported from Europe and North America (De Gans 1988). In Greenland, most pingos have been reported from both East and West Greenland. In East Greenland pingos have been described from the area between 71°30′ and 74°30′N (Fig. 1). In West Greenland most pingos occur between 70° and 72°N. In addition, a pingo and some pingo-like forms have been described from North Greenland (Bennike 1983). All pingos in Greenland are located in valleys, usually on outwash plains. During field work in 1997 one fairly impressive pingo and several small pingos or pingo-like forms were observed at c. 79°30′N in eastern North Greenland. These are the northernmost pingos recorded from eastern Greenland, and the aim of this note is to document and describe these forms. The observations add to our knowledge about the distribution of pingos in Greenland, and a map showing the distribution of pingos in Greenland is presented as Fig. 1.

Ore geological studies of the Citronen Fjord zinc deposit, North Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’

1997 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Karsten Kragh ◽  
Sven Monrad Jensen ◽  
Henrik Fougt
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Zinc Deposit ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
The North ◽  
Diamond Drilling ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Research Councils ◽  
North Western ◽  
North Greenland

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Kragh, K., Monrad Jensen, S., & Fougt, H. (1997). Ore geological studies of the Citronen Fjord zinc deposit, North Greenland: project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 176, 44-49. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v176.5060 _______________ The multidisciplinary research project ‘Resources of the sedimentary basins of North and East Greenland’ was initiated in 1995 with financial support from the Danish Research Councils (Stemmerik et al., 1996). In the 1996 field season, ore geological studies continued on the shale-hosted Citronen Fjord zinc-lead prospect in North Greenland (Figs 1, 2). Platinova A/S discovered the deposit in 1993, and has subsequently explored the area by means of geological mapping, gravity surveys and diamond drilling. About 30 km of diamond drilling have been completed, and a resource of over 20 million tons of stratiform ore with 7% zinc and 1% lead has been estimated (Platinova A/S, 1996a, b). An additional fault-controlled, high-grade zinc-mineralised zonewas encountered in the north-western part of the ‘Discovery Zone’ in 1996 (Platinova A/S, 1996b).

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