Determination of Lead Content in Red Colored Lipsticks from Mandalay Market by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Exposure Levels

Red colored lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because some lipsticks contain a considerable amount of heavy metal especially lead. Lead is being used in lipstick mainly for the pigments required to obtain needed colors. Lead accumulates in the body over time and lead-containing lipstick applied several times a day, every day, combined with lead in water and other sources, could add up to significant exposure levels. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine lead content in red colored lipsticks from market. This study was laboratorybased, analytical study by using 25 lipstick samples. Red colored lipsticks were bought from Mandalay Market by random sampling procedure and they were completely coded to avoid the bias. Then, lead content in coded samples was determined by Flame AAS according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline. Lead contents of 88% of the lipsticks samples were more than specified limit (20 ppm) of Food and Drug Administration, United States. All of them, lead content was highest in counterfeit lipsticks group. Among the tested lipstick samples, lipstick with lowest lead content was LE-RL 01 (15.74 ppm) and the lipstick with highest lead content was CF-RL 01(60.09 ppm). In conclusion, lead contents of red colored lipsticks (22 out of 25) from market samples were higher than allowable limit (20 ppm).

scholarly journals Characterization of Toxic Metals in Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke, and Cigarette Ash from Selected Imported and Local Brands in Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ajab ◽  
Asim Yaqub ◽  
Salman Akbar Malik ◽  
Muhammad Junaid ◽  
Sadia Yasmeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Cigarette Ash ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Condensate ◽  
Significant Concentration

In this study, concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr were determined in tobacco, tobacco smoke-condensate, and cigarette ash for selected brands used in Pakistan. Smoking apparatus was designed for metal extraction from cigarette smoke. Samples were digested through microwave digester and then analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). Higher concentration of Ni was detected in imported brands than the counterparts in the local brands. Pb levels were however higher in local brands while significant concentration of Cd was observed in both brands. For Cr, the level in tobacco of local brands was higher than their emitted smoke, whereas imported brands showed higher level in smoke than in tobacco. The cigarette ash retained 65 to 75% of the metal and about 25 to 30% went into the body. While this study revealed the serious requirement to standardize the manufacturing of tobacco products, more importantly is the urgent need for stronger enforcements to put in place to alert the general population about the hazardous effects of cigarettes and the health risks associated with these toxic metals.

scholarly journals Determination of Energy Absorption on Seat Regions of Footwear for the Obese

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4(136)) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Selvaraj Mathivanan ◽  
Ranganathan Mohan ◽  
Palanisami Balachander
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Heel Height ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
A Value

Ideal footwear with a design configuration is necessitated as a tool of rehabilitation to render therapeutic benefits, especially for obese individuals who are experiencing greater risk during locomotion. Energy absorption is found to depend on variables like heel height, slope angle and load exerted by the body mass index. Statistical analysis was carried out to formulate a predictive equation for absorbed energy. It was found that a heel height of 30 mm offers an optimum base for further design of footwear. A coefficient of determination (R2) with a value of 0.933 indicates that the model fits the experimental data nicely. Hence, 30 mm 20 degree is suggested for designing ideal footwear as it enables load dissipation and energy absorption to render foot-comfort benefits and advantages to the user.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC REGULATION FOR JOINTLY ACTING HARMFUL FACTORS AND METHODOLOGY OF ITS EXPERIMENTAL RATIONALE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Yury N. Katulskiy
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Cooperative Agents ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Impact

With the combined action of agents, the toxic effect depends not only on the time and effects levels of each of them but also on the combinations in which these levels are located. The main problems in the experimental substantiation of hygienic regulations for this type of action are the determination of this dependence, the establishment with its help of safe combinations of exposure levels and their description. In the work methods of their solution are offered. This dependence is recommended to be obtained in the economical experiments proposed by the theory of mathematical planning. It is represented by a system of regression equations describing the dose dependencies observed at different moments after the onset of the impact (when indices are removed). In this case, the toxic effect is estimated by two indices, reflecting the degree of deviation of the state of the body of the experimental animals from the norm and the probability of this deviation. Effective and ineffective combinations are determined by this system of equations when substituting in them the values of the toxic effect corresponding to its presence or absence. In turn, hygienically safe combinations are determined by a system describing ineffective combinations of exposure levels that include stock coefficients that are reasonable for each agent. This system can be adopted as an experimentally valid hygiene regulation, which has the following advantages. It is determined by the results of the study of the joint rather than isolated action of agents, does not require the fulfillment of any conditions about the nature of this action (isoadditivity, etc.), and also takes into account not only the degree of deviation of the state of the organism of the experimental animals from the norm, but also the probability this deviation. In order to obtain the necessary information, we propose plans for experiments in which the number of groups of experimental animals is only one more than the number of cooperative agents. An example of the proposed approach is given.

scholarly journals Determination of Heavy Metals in Locally Available Chocolates in Lahore Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1144-1153
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amjad ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Zia Ur Rehman Baloch ◽  
Aoun Raza
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Chronic Effects

Heavy metal toxicity can either be acute or chronic effects. Long-term exposure of the body to heavy metal can progressively lead to muscular, physical and neurological degenerative process. In this research, a total of 30 representative chocolate samples were collected from local shops and markets in Lahore. All the samples were analysed to assess the levels of Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Lahore. It was observed that the majority of chocolate samples contain heavy metals levels higher than the permissible limits as recommended by Punjab Food Rules (PFR) 2011. The levels of Pb ranged between 0.375 and 3.4 mg/kg with 90% samples having concentrations exceeding PFR allowable limit (0.5 mg/kg). Whereas, Ni concentrations varied from 0.005 to 0.28 mg/kg and 80% samples were above the PFR limit (0.025 mg/kg). Further, Cr levels analysed between 0.005 to 0.28 mg/kg and 53% samples had Cr concentrations higher than PFR limit (0.02 mg/kg). Similarly, Cd levels were observed between 0.50-3.25 mg/kg with 53% samples having Cd concentrations exceeding the PFR limit (1.0 mg/kg). Investigation indicates that the quality of available chocolates is not recommendable for eating because of the higher concentrations of toxic heavy metals.

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