scholarly journals Self-employment and labour market dynamics of men and women in El Salvador and Nicaragua

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Alaniz ◽  
Alma Espino ◽  
T. H. Gindling
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Employment

The grey zone and labour market dynamics in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Giraud ◽  
Arnaud Lechevalier
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

In this article, we define the ‘grey zone’ as the proliferation of categories of employment and the growing dissonance between those categories and the realities of the labour market. Against the background of the weakening of the standard employment relationship, and going beyond the dualism of the labour market, there are three processes by which the employment norm is differentiated: the institutionalisation of new employment categories by public authorities, the influence of collective norms on the framing of employment categories by organised groups such as unions and employers’ associations, and the uses of those norms by social actors such as companies. In this article, we first describe the evolution of the German labour market over the past 20 years. We then shed light on the dynamics of the grey zones of employment in Germany by drawing on two strands – self-employment and traineeships – and by distinguishing the three differentiation mechanisms.

Transition out of self-employment – evidence from Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1254-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rokicka
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Policy Incentives ◽  
Labour Market Status

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of self-employment exit in Poland and its determinants. Design/methodology/approach The author examines the outflow from self-employment into different labour market status: employment, unemployment, inactivity using multinomial logistic regression. The analysis is conducted separately for men and women using Polish Labour Force Surveys (LFS) (2001-2007). Findings Results indicate that personal and family characteristics have different impact on self-employment exit for men and women. However, unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have similar impact regardless gender. The author’s results show that higher local unemployment rate reduces the likelihood of self-employment exit into employment, while conducting business in a sector affected by economic downturn increase outflow from self-employment for both men and women. Research limitations/implications Certain limitations of the study arise from the design of the Polish LFS. It is a rotating panel with relatively few time periods, so it can only allow the author to analyse the outcomes in short-term perspectives. Practical implications Those results provide some background for potential policy interventions. In the context of persistent, high unemployment rates in Poland, there is need for some policy incentives which reinforce self-employment – an important alternative form of the labour market participation. Originality/value Majority of previous studies focusses on self-employment creation, as policy incentives do. However, very little is known about the reasons for leaving self-employment. The author fills this gap analysing the outflow and transition from self-employment to different labour market status.

New forms of intra-European migration, labour market dynamics and social inequality in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Verwiebe ◽  
Laura Wiesböck ◽  
Roland Teitzer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Migration

This article deals mainly with new forms of Intra-European migration, processes of integration and inequality, and the dynamics of emerging transnational labour markets in Europe. We discuss these issues against the background of fundamental changes which have been taking place on the European continent over the past two decades. Drawing on available comparative European data, we examine, in a first step, whether the changes in intra-European migration patterns have been accompanied by a differentiation of the causes of migration. In a second step, we discuss the extent to which new forms of transnational labour markets have been emerging within Europe and their effects on systems of social stratification.

scholarly journals Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical Study of Indian Villages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2671
Author(s):  
A. Amarender Reddy ◽  
Surabhi Mittal ◽  
Namrata Singha Roy ◽  
Sanghamitra Kanjilal-Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Wage Earning ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women’s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women’s participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.

Gender and Social Security: Some Lessons from Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sickness Benefit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
The Individual

Different social security schemes affect men and women differently. This article compares the family or single earner model with the individual or dual earner model and examines their impact on gender inequality. However, even where social security schemes are designed to be gender neutral, when applied in a context that is systematically structured by gender, it points out that they will have a different impact on men and women. The article examines the ways in which supposedly gender-neutral rules, in sickness benefit, survivors' pensions and old age pensions have affected men and women in Sweden and concludes that, if countries wish to achieve equal economic outcomes for men and women, they will need to introduce measures to equalise men's and women's commitments to the home and the labour market, and to enable women to attain higher-paid jobs on the same basis as men.

The emotional costs of caring incurred by men and women in the British labour market

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2160-2171 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicholas Barron ◽  
Elizabeth West
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
British Labour
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