The grey zone and labour market dynamics in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Giraud ◽  
Arnaud Lechevalier
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

In this article, we define the ‘grey zone’ as the proliferation of categories of employment and the growing dissonance between those categories and the realities of the labour market. Against the background of the weakening of the standard employment relationship, and going beyond the dualism of the labour market, there are three processes by which the employment norm is differentiated: the institutionalisation of new employment categories by public authorities, the influence of collective norms on the framing of employment categories by organised groups such as unions and employers’ associations, and the uses of those norms by social actors such as companies. In this article, we first describe the evolution of the German labour market over the past 20 years. We then shed light on the dynamics of the grey zones of employment in Germany by drawing on two strands – self-employment and traineeships – and by distinguishing the three differentiation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Employment Models of Platform Companies in Norway: A Distinctive Approach?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Jesnes
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Market Models ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship

The past decade has seen an increase in ‘platform companies’ functioning as the intermediary between workers and customers.The way these companies structure the labour process has significant implications for working conditions. In this article, we ask: In what ways does platform work in Norway differ from standard employment relationships? And do different employment strategies of platform companies put workers in precarious situations? The article builds on qualitative interviews with CEOs of platform companies in Norway, and aims to contribute to the literature by formulating a typology of the employment models of platform companies emerging in the Nordic countries. The platforms’ employment models are compared to the standard employment relationship and precariousness. Finally, the article suggests that institutions matter for why some platform companies adopt elements of the standard employment relationships as they appear in the Nordic labour market models, and discusses the implications of this.

New forms of intra-European migration, labour market dynamics and social inequality in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Verwiebe ◽  
Laura Wiesböck ◽  
Roland Teitzer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Migration

This article deals mainly with new forms of Intra-European migration, processes of integration and inequality, and the dynamics of emerging transnational labour markets in Europe. We discuss these issues against the background of fundamental changes which have been taking place on the European continent over the past two decades. Drawing on available comparative European data, we examine, in a first step, whether the changes in intra-European migration patterns have been accompanied by a differentiation of the causes of migration. In a second step, we discuss the extent to which new forms of transnational labour markets have been emerging within Europe and their effects on systems of social stratification.

scholarly journals Self-Employment and Labour Market Transitions in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyi Shao ◽  
Mallika Kelkar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Market Transitions

Self-employment in New Zealand has been trending up in the past two years, following subdued growth between 2000 and 2010. Self-employed people made up 11.3% of total employed in the year to March 2012 (251,800 workers), compared with 10.1% in the year to March 2010. Self-employment is defined in this paper as those people operating their own business without employees. The paper explores time series trends in self-employment, in particular across three post-recession periods. Characteristics of self-employed workers are also identified. This paper also investigates movements in and out of self-employment in order to understand the recent growth in this type of employment. The analysis uses longitudinal Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) data. The HLFS provides official measures of a range of labour market indicators, including the number of people employed, unemployed and not in the labour force.

L'interprete fra culture, societŕ ed economie: un'indagine demografica

2009 ◽  
pp. 73-119
Author(s):  
Alessandra Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Part ◽  
The North

- The purpose is to contribute to related sociological research since it seems to be very limited (from the early 1960s), to clarify the role of interpreters as social actors and to represent the corresponding labour market, trying to overcome the idea of interpretation as mechanicalexercise. The theoretical part is concentrated on the history and on parameters reflecting the present rules governing this activity. Some preceding sociological research have been included to illustrate the main themes explored in the past. The practical part aims to explain the structure of the labour market and social conditions of interpreters in Italy. The author finds a feminization of the profession and confirms the growing relevance of English and community interpreting. Professional skills strengthen together with the demand for the simultaneous mode, causing difficult market penetration. The economic crisis and competition boost unfair practices (above all in the North). Nevertheless the profession is highly followed.

The Age of Increased Precarious Employment: Origins and Implications

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Wayne Lewchuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship

This chapter explores why employment rules and norms took the form they did, the prevalence of precarious employment in the labour market today, and the social implications of the era of Increased Precarious Employment. The employment norms associated with the era of Increased Precarious Employment represent one component of a broader shift to a neoliberal form of social organization. The chapter begins by reviewing the factors that led to the transition from the Standard Employment Relationship and the forces that shaped the employment relationship in the era of Increased Precarious Employment. It then examines debates over how to measure the prevalence of the precarious workforce, before considering the impact of precarious employment on households, families, and communities. The chapter looks at the findings of the Poverty and Employment Precarity in Southern Ontario research group.

The standard employment relationship in the information society

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship

In the view of most authors, the long-established standard employment relationship (SER) has little future in the information society as external structural change comes to replace internal structural change. This article shows that, contrary to these beliefs in most industrialised countries, employment relationships have tended to become more stable in recent years, particularly among skilled workers, for the reason that spatial proximity and close social communication is gaining increasing importance in knowledge-based work. The author identifies the following six different causes underlying improvements or deterioration in the SER: (1) Flexibilisation of product markets, (2) rising female employment rates, (3) combination of education/training and work, (4) rising educational levels among the working population, (5) labour market regulation and deregulation, and (6) the employment situation. Changes in the SER are not being driven solely by the computerisation of production but also by other, very different forces which are at least as significant as technological change. The article concludes with an alternative paradigm taking as its starting point a new balance of internal and external mobility. As an alternative to the "Anglo-Saxon" model of the deregulated labour market, the author proposes a revitalisation of internal and occupational labour markets.

scholarly journals Is Precarious Employment Low Income Employment? The Changing Labour Market in Southern Ontario

Just Labour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Lewchuck ◽  
Stephanie Procyk ◽  
Michelynn Lafleche ◽  
Dan Rosen ◽  
Diane Dyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Relationship Norms ◽  
Standard Employment Relationship

This paper examines the association between incomeand precariousemployment, how this association is changing and how it is shaped by gender andrace. It explores how precarious employment has spread to even middle incomeoccupations and what this implies for our understanding of contemporary labourmarkets and employment relationship norms. The findings indicate a need to refineour views of who is in precarious employment and aneed to re-evaluate the natureof the Standard Employment Relationship, which we would argue is not onlybecoming less prevalent, but also transitioning into something that is less secure.

scholarly journals Legal change and labour market restructuring in Western Europe and the US

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Deakin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Employment Rights ◽  
Market Restructuring

The major changes that have taken place in the New Zealand labour market since 1984, and which are reflected in recent changes to the welfare system, are not unique and follow trends that have developed in other OECD countries in the last decade. One of the most significant of these trends is legislative and other moves to encourage greater "efficiency" in the labour market. Deregulation, involving the withdrawal of legal guarantees of employment protection and union organization, is only one of the techniques which governments have used in an attempt to promote labo,ur market flexibility over the past decade. In continental Europe new forms of employment and the flexibilization of working time have been encouraged without dismantling the framework of employment rights. In many cases this has involved an extended role for collective bargaining and worker representation at plant and company level. In the US and Britain, by contrast, flexibility has been pursued at the cost of destabilizing the employment relationship, undermining training and job quality.

scholarly journals A study of self-employment careers focusing on family structure, gender and labour market

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (8) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Ichiro Hirao
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Self-employers are those employers who own their own businesses or who run family-run businesses. According to the World Bank collection of development indicators, the number of self-employers in Japan has been steadily declining in the last 50 years. Dr Ichiro Hirao, Assistant Professor of the Respect Program at Osaka University, is carrying out research into self-employment with a focus on family structure, gender and the labour market. The findings will shine a light on why self-employment in Japan has declined over the past few decades.

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