scholarly journals A Song with “Dash” and “Pep”: A HISTORY OF THE “MARINES’ HYMN” TO 1919

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Lauren Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
General Public ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of

From its unknown nineteenth-century origins, the “Marines’ Hymn” has grown from a collection of unregulated verses into a dignified anthem reflecting the proud history of the Corps. Focusing on the song’s early history until the end of World War I, this article tells the story of that evolution. During this period, the hymn played an increasingly important role in official recruiting and publicity efforts, resulting in a growing popularity among the general public, disagreements about the need to standardize the lyrics, and the introduction of new formats and technologies to allow for wider accessibility. Together, these trends culminated in the authorization and copyright of an official version of the song in the summer of 1919. The “Marines’ Hymn” is known worldwide as a reflection of Marine Corps experiences and values, and this article aims to bring some of its forgotten history and the contributions of its strongest advocates to the attention of a modern audience.

A (Very Selective) Early History of Ballet in America

Ballet Class ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Klapper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Metropolitan Opera ◽  
History Of

Ballet developed slowly in the United States and depended on European dancers and teachers at first, but by mid-nineteenth century a few American-trained ballet dancers were beginning to make their mark. The opening of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School in 1909 and the tours of Anna Pavlova contributed greatly to popularizing ballet and inspiring young people to begin taking ballet class before World War I. Expansion continued from the 1920s through the 1940s with the founding of the School of American Ballet and the performances of the various Ballet Russe companies in every corner of the country. The Littlefield sisters and Christensen brothers helped make ballet American by establishing important homegrown ballet companies with primarily American dancers. The regional ballet movement fostered further growth. All these developments in professional ballet encouraged ever-increasing numbers of Americans not only to enjoy performances but also to take ballet class themselves.

5 Evolution and Gestalt of the Austrian State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiederin Ewald
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter presents an overview and history of the Austrian administrative state. It shows how the traditional form of the Austrian administration evolved in the second half of the nineteenth century. After defeat in World War I, the Republic of Austria succeeded the extinct Danube Monarchy; it took over the Viennese central administrative departments and their personnel and remained a ‘typical administrative state’. In the early modern period, the fundamental elements of Austria's administration developed on three different levels that still exist and to this day continue to characterize the administration's structure. Most notably, the state's dominant administrative feature is expressed by the equality of the judiciary and the administrative branch in both standing and rights.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Wray R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
World War ◽  
Small Wars ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

The introduction provides a brief history of the US Marine Corps up to World War I. This is followed by an exploration of the nature and character of small wars. With the concept established, the remainder of the introduction provides terms and definitions.

Continental Drift—The Road to Plate Tectonics

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. W. Rogers ◽  
M. Santosh
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

Alfred Wegener never set out to be a geologist. With an education in meteorology and astronomy, his career seemed clear when he was appointed Lecturer in those subjects at the University of Marburg, Germany. It wasn’t until 1912, when Wegener was 32, that he published a paper titled “Die Entstehung der Kontinente” (The origin of the continents) in a recently founded journal called Geologische Rundschau. This meteorologist had just fired the opening shot in a revolution that would change the way that geologists thought about the earth. In a series of publications and talks both before and after World War I, Wegener pressed the idea that continents moved around the earth independently of each other and that the present continents resulted from the splitting of a large landmass (we now call it a “supercontinent”) that previously contained all of the world’s continents. After splitting, they moved to their current positions, closing oceans in front of them and opening new oceans behind them. Wegener and his supporters referred to this process as “continental drift.” The proposal that continents moved around the earth led to a series of investigations and ideas that occupied much of the 20th century. They are now grouped as a set of concepts known as “plate tectonics.” We begin this chapter with an investigation of the history of this development, starting with ideas that preceded Wegener’s proposal. This is followed by a section that describes the reactions of different geologists to the idea of continental drift, including some comments that demonstrate the rancorous nature of the debate. The next section discusses developments between Wegener’s proposal and 1960, when Harry Hess suggested that the history of modern ocean basins is consistent with the concept of drifting continents. We finish the chapter with a brief description of seafloor spreading and leave a survey of plate tectonics to chapter 2. Although Wegener is credited with first proposing continental drift, some tenuous suggestions had already been made. We summarize some of this early history from LeGrand (1988).

Sailing through Suez from the South: The Emergence of an Indies-Dutch Migration Circuit, 1815–1940

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulbe Bosma
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
East Indies ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Migration

This paper shows the importance of colonial garrisons and colonial migratory circuits in the history of European migration. During the nineteenth century the overwhelming majority of European-born migrants to the Dutch East Indies were military personnel. Rapidly decreasing mortality rates and a large influx of European military personnel in the decades of colonial wars were responsible for the remarkable growth of the European colonial population throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. As a consequence an extensive colonial-metropole migration circuit emerged. Contrary to expectations, neither the opening of the Suez Canal nor imperialist expansion resulted in a significant increase of white civilian emigration to colonial Indonesia in the late nineteenth century. Instead, sailings through Suez went north as frequently as south. It was only at a much later stage, following the end of World War I, that the tobacco and rubber plantations as well as the oil industry of the Outer Regions of the Indies archipelago generated an unprecedented demand for expatriate labor.

Japan's Democratization: Miyatake Gaikotsu on Prewar Plans and Postwar Programmes

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
General Public ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
Large Audience ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractJapan's early postwar leadership and American occupiers alike asserted that democratization was a new lesson that the Japanese public would have to learn. In fact, the ideas of democratic reformers had been broadcast to a large audience as feasible programmes decades before 1945. Miyatake Gaikotsu, the editor of Democracy in 1919, outlined the benefits that democratic reforms might provide in a post-World War I world. Decades later, Japanese people faced a new postwar struggle, not as victors but as the vanquished. Gaikotsu, writing in 1945, reflected on democracy in these new circumstances in his study, Amerika-sama. Although the situation was vastly different, victory and defeat in world wars had opened paths to new possibilities. This paper examines Gaikotsu's prewar writings as prescient prescriptions that he revisits in his essay Amerika-sama, or ‘Honourable America,’ at the point they begin to be played out, in some instances only partially and at times for ill as well as good, in occupied Japan. These reflections strikingly demonstrate the continuity of ideas during the prewar past and postwar present. Amerika-sama is a representative expression of many programmes Gaikotsu and likeminded humanistic activists attempted to put into practice from the late nineteenth century until they were suppressed during the wartime years. Mainstream political parties, prewar and postwar, often found it difficult to embrace Gaikotsu's ideas and political programmes. Nevertheless, the general public embraced them and they now find legal support in the Constitution of Japan.

Building an Entente Cordiale On the Plains of Bácska: Szabadka/Subotica's Urban History

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 169-211
Author(s):  
Rudolf Klein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
World War ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Architectural Feature ◽  
Market Town ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis paper analyses the urban history of Szabadka (today Subotica in Serbia), a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional royal free town, and the third most populous urban settlement in Hungary until World War I. This city evolved from a market town (mezöváros) as its ethnically and confessionally diverse enclaves physically merged in the nineteenth century to form an architecturally and socially coherent center. In addition to the town's urban history, morphology, and historical ethnic relationships, the article also deals with the effects of the rushed urbanization around 1900 and major construction in the style of Hungarian Art Nouveau, a kind of "national Esperanto" that became the town's lasting architectural feature.

Biplanes at War

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wray R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
World War ◽  
Small Wars ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Bibliography

This book is an in-depth exploration of the experience of the US Marine Corps during the so-called small wars era, 1915–1934, with an emphasis on the marines’ employment of aviation. The introduction to the book provides a brief history of the Marine Corps up to World War I, an explanation of small wars as a concept, and terms and definitions. The chapters are chronological, addressing the origins of Marine Corps aviation prior to and during American involvement in World War I and the Marine Corps’ interventions in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, northern China, and Nicaragua. The chapters explore the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures in the employment of aircraft during interventional operations; the evolution of aviation technology, including engine technology; and what the marines accomplished, failed to accomplish, and learned about the employment of aviation in combat against guerrillas and other irregulars. The conclusion addresses why it all matters in terms of the present (today, small wars are more commonly referred to as irregular warfare) and the future. The book includes numerous photographs never published before, as well as maps, appendices, and an extensive bibliography.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

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