scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan An Empirical Analysis of PSLM (2004-05) Micro Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (Special Edition) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehak Ejaz
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Positive Effects

This paper seeks to identify the major determinants of female labor force participation in Pakistan, specifically with reference to rural and urban areas. Limited dependent variable techniques (Logit and Probit) are utilized to determine the factors affecting female labor force participation. This analysis uses data taken from the PSLM (Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2004-05) which measure individual and household characteristics of females between the ages of 15-49. Empirical results suggest that age, educational attainment and marital status have significant and positive effects on female labor force participation (FLFP). When women belong to the nuclear family and have access to vehicles, they are more likely are they to participate in economic activities, whereas a large number of children and the availability of home appliances reduces the probability of FLFP. The results imply that reducing the child care burden on females and facilitating educational attainment would lead to a higher labor force participation rate for females in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Women in the Labor Force

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fruttero ◽  
Daniel Gurara ◽  
Lisa Kolovich ◽  
Vivian Malta ◽  
Marina Mendes Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender

Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

scholarly journals Female Labor Market Participation and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khaliq ◽  
Dilawar Khan ◽  
Sultan Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Hamayun ◽  
Barkat Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Adf Test

Female labor force plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The core objective of this paper is to examine the nexus between female labor force participation rate and Pakistan’s economic growth using time series data for the period 1990-2014. The data was extracted from World Development Indicators database. Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to examine the data for unit root. The results show that both the variables--- female labor force participation rate and economic growth---are stationary at first difference i.e. I(1). The error correction model (ECM) and Johansen co-integration tests were used to examine the co-integration relation between the variables. The econometric results conclude that there is long-run and a U-shaped link between economic growth and women labor force participation rate of Pakistan. The results conclude that lower female labor force participation rate leads to lower economic growth in Pakistan. This paper has important policy implications, suggests that policies intend to remove such barriers could help to enhance the Pakistan’s economic growth.

scholarly journals Dynamics of female labor force participation and welfare with multiple social reference groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Pintea
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Female Participation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Female Wages

Abstract I develop a model with status concerns to analyze how different economic factors affect female labor participation and welfare, as well as average household incomes and wages. Reductions in the price of domestic goods and increases in female wages have positive effects on female participation. Increases in male wages have different effects on female participation depending on whether they affect female wages or not. Events that lead to increases in female participation are usually associated with decreases in the welfare of stay-at-home wives but are not necessarily associated with increases in welfare of working wives. Allowing for part-time work can lead to an increase in overall female labor force participation, but some women that would have worked full-time end up working part-time. If female wages are endogenous, an increase in male wages leads to an increase in the female participation rate even if it is not associated with a decrease in the gender wage gap. The positive feedback of increased female participation on their wages can lead to hysteresis of dual equilibria of high and low female labor force participation and a discontinuous transition between these equilibria.

scholarly journals THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOR MARKET AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Jaba ◽  
Christiana Sandu ◽  
Aurelian Plopeanu ◽  
Ioan Robu ◽  
Marinela Istrate
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Female Labor

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of labor markets and female labor force in the countries from Central and Eastern Europe in order to verify the existence of significant differences in female labor participation rate among the countries that experienced the same political and economic system before 1990. The paper seeks to address the following specific objectives: 1) to identify the variables which are strongly correlated with female labor force participation, objective met using correlation analysis; 2) to define clusters of countries based on the determinants of female participation on the labor market, identified previously, using hierarchical cluster method; 3) to verify if the female labor force participation rate differs significantly among the identified clusters by applying the analysis of variance. The results of this study highlight that, in Central and Eastern Europe, we can identify four clusters of countries that share common characteristics of female labor market and female labor force. The analysis of the variation in female labor force participation rate emphasizes different patterns according to identified groups of countries.

Female labor force participation and fertility differentials

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-164
Author(s):  
Irakli Japaridze
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Fertility Distribution ◽  
Average Fertility

AbstractUS women, on average, had approximately two children in both the 1930s and in the 1970s, yet the fertility distribution in the 1930s was less concentrated. This implies change in reproductive behavior, which cannot be captured by models focusing on average fertility. To explain these changes, I have developed a model that makes a distinction between sons and daughters. In this model, the female labor force participation rate is the probability of each girl becoming an employed woman. This endogenizes the empirically observed difference in the propensity for an all-girl household to have another child compared to an all-boy household, generating large fertility differentials at low participation rates. Higher participation rates raise the expected return from an additional child, as well as the expected return from existing daughters. The first effect tends to increase fertility, while the second effect, for relatively concave utility functions, tends to decrease it, so that the distribution of completed fertilities becomes more concentrated.

Technology and the Changing Family: A Unified Model of Marriage, Divorce, Educational Attainment, and Married Female Labor-Force Participation

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Greenwood ◽  
Nezih Guner ◽  
Georgi Kocharkov ◽  
Cezar Santos
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Married Female

Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being more significant for noncollege-educated individuals versus college-educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the noncollege-educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment, and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar US data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and marital structure play in determining income inequality. (JEL D13, D31, D83, I20, J12, J16, O33)

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