scholarly journals Estudios biológicos e inmunológicos de aislamientos de Toxoplasma gondii provenientes de animales de zoológico en Argentina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mariana Bernstein

Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito intracelular obligado que afecta a mamíferos y aves que posee un ciclo de vida indirecto. Su virulencia es variable de acuerdo con la susceptibilidad de la especie afectada y del genotipo involucrado en la infección. Los aislamientos de T. gondii se han identificado genéticamente a nivel mundial como “clonales” denominándose tipo I, II y III. Sin embargo, en Sudamérica se ha encontrado la presencia de aislamientos no clonales o “atípicos”. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento biológico de dos aislamientos de T. gondii, identificados genéticamente como atípicos, provenientes de los animales de zoológico Saimiri boliviensis (mono ardilla boliviano) y Macropus rufogriseus (walaby de Bennet), (denominados TgSb y TgMr, respectivamente) en Argentina y evaluar la respuesta inmune de ratones infectados experimentalmente con estos. Se realizó la genotipificación de 29 muestras de ADN de T. gondii de Argentina mediante nPCR-RFLP para 10 marcadores moleculares. Con los resultados obtenidos se realizó una red filogenética utilizando el software SplitsTree4. Se evaluaron los aislamientos TgSb y TgMr en comparación con las cepas de referencia RH, ME49 y VEG (tipos clonales I, II y III respectivamente) en un ensayo in vitro. Se realizaron seis ensayos independientes (tres de 6 h de duración y tres de 18 h de duración) con tres réplicas cada uno. A continuación, se realizó inmunofluorescencia indirecta sobre los cubreobjetos para contar la cantidad de vacuolas parasitóforas (invasión) y la cantidad de taquizoítos dentro de cada vacuola (replicación). Para evaluar la morbi-mortalidad se utilizaron ratones Swiss (n = 30) y se distribuyeron en 5 grupos inoculados con taquizoítos (dosis de infección 102 y 103) de TgSb y TgMr, las cepas ME49 y VEG y control negativo. Se evaluó la respuesta inmune celular por medio del cultivo de células esplénicas y desafío de los cultivos con antígeno de lisado total parasitario (TLA) producido a partir de las cepas RH, ME49, VEG y de los aislamientos TgSb y TgMr. Los sobrenadantes se analizaron con un kit de ELISA para la detección de IFN- Ꝩ murino. Se identificaron 17 genotipos diferentes en Argentina, incluyendo 5 “nuevos” e incorporados a la base de datos ToxoDB (# 283, # 284, # 285, # 286, y # 287). La caracterización molecular completa de TgSb y TgMr confirmó su condición de atípicos siendo identificados como genotipos # 163 y # 14, respectivamente. Los resultados in vitro indicaron que los aislamientos TgMr y TgSb tienen un comportamiento más virulento que las cepas ME49 y VEG con semejanzas al tipo clonal virulento RH en su baja capacidad de invasión (TgMr) como en su alta capacidad de replicación (TgSb). La replicación y la velocidad de duplicación serían los factores más importantes para evaluar en estudios in vitro como indicadores de virulencia. Se estableció un índice in vitro de invasión – replicación y el resultado demostró que RH, TgSb y TgMr presentaron los menores valores, que se asociaron inversamente con la mayor virulencia. Ambos aislamientos presentaron una morbi-mortalidad del 100 %, teniendo una virulencia mayor que las cepas de referencia II y III. Considerando los bajos índices invasion – replicación de TgSb y TgMr se postula la presencia y expresión de otros factores que se relacionen con su elevada virulencia. El estímulo con TLA de RH indujo la producción de niveles significativamente altos de IFN- Ꝩ en los sobrenadantes de los ratones infectados con los aislamientos TgMr y TgSb, indicando la presencia de una respuesta inmune adaptativa con la producción de linfocitos específicos orientados hacia un perfil Th1. La sobre producción de esta citoquina podría relacionarse con la expresión/secreción de moduladores de la respuesta inmune por parte de estos protozoos y se vincularía con la mayor virulencia detectada en el modelo in vivo. Ambos genotipos (# 163 y # 14) presentaron un fenotipo de alta virulencia, tanto in vitro como in vivo, aunque se agruparon en la red filogenética en cercanías del tipo clonal III. Por lo dicho anteriormente, se propone el uso de estudios in vitro previo al estudio in vivo para minimizar la utilización de animales en estudios de caracterización de aislamientos de T. gondii. El establecimiento de un índice in vitro de invasión-replicación podría ser de utilidad para predecir virulencia de modo indirecto: bajo valor del índice se relaciona con alta virulencia (morbi-mortalidad) en modelo murino. La respuesta Th1 con sobre producción de IFN- Ꝩ sería el mecanismo preponderante en infecciones con genotipos virulentos.

2021 ◽  
pp. 114019
Author(s):  
Natália Carnevalli Miranda ◽  
Ester Cristina Borges Araujo ◽  
Allisson Benatti Justino ◽  
Yusmaris Cariaco ◽  
Caroline Martins Mota ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Christodoulou ◽  
Ippokratis Messaritakis ◽  
Eleni Svirinaki ◽  
Christos Tsatsanis ◽  
Maria Antoniou

Author(s):  
Jie-Xi Li ◽  
Jun-Jun He ◽  
Hany M. Elsheikha ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Xiao-Pei Xu ◽  
...  

Toxoplasma gondii secretes a number of virulence-related effector proteins, such as the rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18). To further broaden our understanding of the molecular functions of ROP18, we examined the transcriptional response of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) to ROP18 of type I T. gondii RH strain. Using RNA-sequencing, we compared the transcriptome of ROP18-expressing HEK293T cells to control HEK293T cells. Our analysis revealed that ROP18 altered the expression of 750 genes (467 upregulated genes and 283 downregulated genes) in HEK293T cells. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in extracellular matrix– and immune–related GO terms and pathways. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were involved in several disease-related pathways, such as nervous system diseases and eye disease. ROP18 significantly increased the alternative splicing pattern “retained intron” and altered the expression of 144 transcription factors (TFs). These results provide new insight into how ROP18 may influence biological processes in the host cells via altering the expression of genes, TFs, and pathways. More in vitro and in vivo studies are required to substantiate these findings.


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Paredes-Santos ◽  
T. Tomita ◽  
M. Yan Fen ◽  
W. de Souza ◽  
M. Attias ◽  
...  

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha Kannan ◽  
Manlio Di Cristina ◽  
Aric J. Schultz ◽  
My-Hang Huynh ◽  
Fengrong Wang ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause encephalitis, congenital defects, and ocular disease. T. gondii has also been implicated as a risk factor for mental illness in humans. The parasite persists in the brain as slow-growing bradyzoites contained within intracellular cysts. No treatments exist to eliminate this form of parasite. Although proteolytic degradation within the parasite lysosome-like vacuolar compartment (VAC) is critical for bradyzoite viability, whether other aspects of the VAC are important for parasite persistence remains unknown. An ortholog of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (CRT), TgCRT, has previously been identified in T. gondii. To interrogate the function of TgCRT in chronic-stage bradyzoites and its role in persistence, we knocked out TgCRT in a cystogenic strain and assessed VAC size, VAC digestion of host-derived proteins and parasite autophagosomes, and the viability of in vitro and in vivo bradyzoites. We found that whereas parasites deficient in TgCRT exhibit normal digestion within the VAC, they display a markedly distended VAC and their viability is compromised both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, impairing VAC proteolysis in TgCRT-deficient bradyzoites restored VAC size, consistent with a role for TgCRT as a transporter of products of digestion from the VAC. In conjunction with earlier studies, our current findings suggest a functional link between TgCRT and VAC proteolysis. This study provides further evidence of a crucial role for the VAC in bradyzoite persistence and a new potential VAC target to abate chronic Toxoplasma infection. IMPORTANCE Individuals chronically infected with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii are at risk of experiencing reactivated disease that can result in progressive loss of vision. No effective treatments exist for chronic toxoplasmosis due in part to a poor understanding of the biology underlying chronic infection and a lack of well-validated potential targets. We show here that a T. gondii transporter is functionally linked to protein digestion within the parasite lysosome-like organelle and that this transporter is necessary to sustain chronic infection in culture and in experimentally infected mice. Ablating the transporter results in severe bloating of the lysosome-like organelle. Together with earlier work, this study suggests the parasite’s lysosome-like organelle is vital for parasite survival, thus rendering it a potential target for diminishing infection and reducing the risk of reactivated disease.


1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2137-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F G Araujo ◽  
A A Khan ◽  
T L Slifer ◽  
A Bryskier ◽  
J S Remington

Ketolides are a new class of macrolide antibiotics that have been shown to be active against a variety of bacteria including macrolide-resistant bacteria and mycobacteria. We examined two ketolides, HMR 3647 and HMR 3004, for their in vitro and in vivo activities against the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In vitro, both ketolides at concentrations as low as 0.05 microg/ml markedly inhibited replication of tachyzoites of the RH strain within human foreskin fibroblasts. HMR 3004 demonstrated some toxicity for host cells after they were exposed to 5 microg of the drug per ml for 72 h. In contrast, HMR 3647 did not show any significant toxicity even at concentrations as high as 25 microg/ml. In vivo, both ketolides provided remarkable protection against death in mice lethally infected intraperitoneally with tachyzoites of the RH strain or orally with tissue cysts of the C56 strain of T. gondii. A dosage of 100 mg of HMR 3647 per kg of body weight per day administered for 10 days protected 50% of mice infected with tachyzoites. The same dosage of HMR 3004 protected 100% of the mice. In mice infected with cysts, a dosage of 30 mg of HMR 3647 per kg per day protected 100% of the mice, whereas a dosage of 40 mg of HMR 3004 per kg per day protected 75% of the mice. These results demonstrate that HMR 3647 and HMR 3004 possess excellent activities against two different strains of T. gondii and may be useful for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in humans.


2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jixu Li ◽  
Huanping Guo ◽  
Eloiza May Galon ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
Seung-Hun Lee ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and a successful parasitic pathogen in diverse organisms and host cell types. Hydroxylamine (HYD) and carboxymethoxylamine (CAR) have been reported as inhibitors of aspartate aminotransferases (AATs) and interfere with the proliferation in Plasmodium falciparum. Therefore, AATs are suggested as drug targets against Plasmodium. The T. gondii genome encodes only one predicted AAT in both T. gondii type I strain RH and type II strain PLK. However, the effects of HYD and CAR, as well as their relationship with AAT, on T. gondii remain unclear. In this study, we found that HYD and CAR impaired the lytic cycle of T. gondii in vitro, including the inhibition of invasion or reinvasion, intracellular replication, and egress. Importantly, HYD and CAR could control acute toxoplasmosis in vivo. Further studies showed that HYD and CAR could inhibit the transamination activity of rTgAAT in vitro. However, our results confirmed that deficiency of AAT in both RH and PLK did not reduce the virulence in mice, although the growth ability of the parasites was affected in vitro. HYD and CAR could still inhibit the growth of AAT-deficient parasites. These findings indicated that HYD and CAR inhibition of T. gondii growth and control of toxoplasmosis can occur in an AAT-independent pathway. Overall, further studies focusing on the elucidation of the mechanism of inhibition are warranted. Our study hints at new substrates of HYD and CAR as potential drug targets to inhibit T. gondii growth.


2009 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taísa Carrijo de Oliveira ◽  
Deise A. Oliveira Silva ◽  
Cristina Rostkowska ◽  
Samantha Ribeiro Béla ◽  
Eloisa A.V. Ferro ◽  
...  

1993 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Odenthal-Schnittler ◽  
S Tomavo ◽  
D Becker ◽  
J F Dubremetz ◽  
R T Schwarz

In this paper we report experiments demonstrating the presence of N-linked oligosaccharide structures in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, providing the first direct biochemical evidence that this sporozoan parasite is capable of synthesizing N-linked glycans. The tachyzoite surface glycoprotein gp23 was metabolically labelled with [3H]glucosamine and [3H]mannose. Gel-filtration chromatography on Bio-Gel P4 columns produced four radiolabelled N-linked glycopeptides which were sensitive to peptidase-N-glycanase F, but resistant to endoglycosidases H and F. Using chemical analysis and exoglycosidase digestions followed by Dionex-high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and size fractionation on Bio-Gel P4 we show that gp23 has N-linked glycans in the hybrid- or complex-type structure composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and mannose and devoid of sialic acid and fucose residues. In addition, the sensitivity of glycopeptides from glycoprotein extracts to endoglycosidases H and F revealed the in vivo synthesis of oligomannose-type structures by T. gondii tachyzoites. We have extended these findings by demonstrating the ability of T. gondii microsomes to synthesize in vitro a glucosylated lipid-bound high-mannose structure (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) that is assumed to be identical with the common precursor for N-glycosylation in eukaryotes.


2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rezaei ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Ahmad Daryani ◽  
Mehdi Sharif ◽  
Ehsan Ahmadpour ◽  
...  

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