Increasing antioxidant activity of soursop (Annona muricata L.) and noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaves fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum BP102

Free radicals are constantly produced by either cell metabolism or from external sources. At high concentration, they induced a tissue damage called oxidative stress. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) and noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.) are medicinal plants with potency as antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum BP102 in elevating the antioxidant activity of soursop and noni leaves. Dried-powder and methanol extract of soursop and noni leaves were diluted with sterile distilled water 3 g/30 mL and 0.3 g/30 mL, respectively, inoculated with 1% (v/v) of L. plantarum BP102 inoculum. The antioxidant activity was carried out using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity increased in dried-powder and methanol extract of soursop and noni leaves with different activity levels after being fermented using L. plantarum BP102 based on IC50. The increasing antioxidant activity in dried-powder of soursop leaves IC50 6.41±0.06 to 0.034±0.01 mg/mL (99.5%) was higher than of the methanol extract IC50 2.78±0.00 to 0.11±0.01 mg/mL (96%). Unfortunately, the effect of fermentation towards noni leaves could only be observed in the form of methanol extract IC50 12.8±0.01 to 0.33±0.02 mg/mL (increased by 97.4%), the dried-powder of noni leaves was suspended and produced a dark color. The probiotic L. plantarum BP102 was used as a fermented agent in increasing the bioactive compounds especially related to antioxidant activity.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Annona muricata Stem Extract

Nanotechnology is a rising field of science and technology that deals with the particles having size in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Copper oxide nanoparticles has many properties like antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, optical properties, conductive properties, etc. Due to its demand of diversified use, copper oxide nanoparticles were fabricated using ecofriendly and non-toxic Annona muricata stem extract. The extract with copper sulphate pentahydrate showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from brown to green which indicates the CuO nanoparticles synthesis. The fabrication is followed by characterization of CuO nanoparticles using UV-vis spectroscope, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The characterization showed roughly spherical shaped nanoparticles in the range of 100nm with high crystalline monoclinic phase. FTIR absorption spectra conclude that the compounds attached with copper oxide nanoparticles could be polyphenols with aromatic ring. The CuO nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity; it showed the maximum activity against E.coli (18 mm). Keywords: Annona muricata, copper sulphate pentahydrate, FTIR, nanomaterials, SEM, XRD.

Efektivitas Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Hipertensi

Pendahuluan: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit tidak menular yang sering disebut sebagai “silent killer” (pembunuh diam-diam) yang dapat didefinisikan dengan suatu kondisi dimana pembuluh darah memiliki tekanan darah tinggi (tekanan darah sistolik > 140 Daun sirsak sering digunakan sebagai pengobatan alternatif hipertensi. Kandungan daun sirsak yang diperkirakan dapat menurunkan tekanan darah adalah ion kalium. Tujuan: mengetahui efektivitas daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada hipertensi. Metode: Menggunakan studi literatur dari jurnal baik nasional maupun internasional dengan cara meringkas topik pembahasan dan membandingkan hasil yang disajikan dalam setiap artikel. Hasil: Ion kalium mempunyai beberapa mekanisme dalam menurunkan tekanan darah, yaitu memperlemah kontraksi miokardium, meningkatkan pengeluaran natrium dari dalam tubuh, menghambat pengeluaran renin, menyebabkan vasodilatasi, dan menghambat vasokontriksi endogen. Kadar kalium yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan eksresi natrium, sehingga dapat menurunkan volume darah dan tekanan darah. Flavonoid bekerja sebagai ACE inhibitor yang akan menghambat perubahan AI menjadi AII sehingga menurunkan sekresi hormon antidiuretik (ADH) yang membuat jumlah sekresi urin meningkat dan banyak garam (NaCl) yang dikeluarkan akhirnya mengakibatkan penurunan tekanan darah. Vitamin C juga berperan dalam menurunkan tekanan darah, karna dapat memodulasi pengeluaran nitric oxide. Kesimpulan: pemberian daun sirsak dapat menurunkan kadar tekanan darah pada hipertensi

Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, Renal Protective and Antioxidant Activity of Annona muricata in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Annona muricata, an herbal plant commonly used in traditional medicine to manage numerous diseases, diabetes as other diseases could be managed with herbal medicine. This study was designed to be investigated the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, renal protective, and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of Annona muricata as used alone or combined with metformin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: the study was involved twenty adult Wister albino rats in four groups (five rats in each) and designated as groups, control group (1), and experimental groups (2, 3, 4). Diabetes was induced in experimental groups by 60 mg/kg intravenous streptozotocin injection. Group 2: serves as a diabetic control group, Group 3: diabetic rats treated with oral administration of 100 mg/kg of Annona muricata aqueous extract, Group 4: diabetic rats treated with combination (100 mg/kg aqueous extract of Annona muricata + 50 mg/kg metformin). The treatment continuous daily for 4 weeks to determine the levels of blood glucose and biochemical analysis. Result: aqueous extract of Annona muricata was reduced the serum glucose level effectively in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, by 48% and 55% after 28 consecutive days of treatment when used alone and with metformin, respectively. These compared to the preliminary values and the reduction was statistically significant compared to a diabetic control group. Daily oral administration of 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of Annona muricata for 4 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and MDA, whereas the reduction was non-significant in triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol levels as compared to the non-treated diabetic group. However, the reduction is more significant in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats that were treated with a combination of Annona muricata and metformin when compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Annona muricata have anti-diabetic action through their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, renal protective, and antioxidant effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thus, can be used alone or with anti-hyperglycemic drugs as metformin in the management of DM. The combination is preferred in severe hyperglycemic cases with more hypoglycemic effect requirements.

Evaluation of the Modulatory Effect of Annona muricata Extracts on the Activity of Some Selected Antibiotics against Biofilm-Forming MRSA

The study investigated the influence of Annona muricata extracts on the action of selected antibiotics against biofilm-forming MRSA. The various parts of the plant were processed into powder and extracted with ethanol or hot water and then screened for the presence of phytochemicals. The modulatory effect of the Annona muricata extract was also tested on some antibiotics against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The findings from this study revealed that the various parts of the Annona muricata extract (ethanolic and aqueous) contained different proportions of secondary metabolites. Varied antimicrobial activities were observed when the extract of the A. muricata was exposed to MRSA strain at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The stem recorded the highest (17.00 and 18.00 mm) inhibitory activity against MRSA for both the aqueous and the ethanolic extract, respectively, and this was not different from the control, tetracycline. Again, the results on the modulatory action indicated that out of the 10 extracts of A. muricata, 4 of them antagonized the activity of ampicillin against the tested MRSA by a factor of 0.5 folds and the rest potentiated the drug within 1–4 folds, respectively. On the other hand, the various test extracts significantly potentiated the efficacy of streptomycin and tetracycline against the MRSA by a range of 1–32 folds with the aqueous root extract recording the highest synergistic effect and ethanol seed extract with the least effect. The findings of this study support the antibacterial activities of the A. muricata plant parts.

Annona muricata L. Suppresses Stannous Chloride Effects through Changing Hematological Parameters in Male New Zealand White Rabbits

Background: Annona muricata. L has a wide range of therapeutic characteristics and is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) are widely used in daily life and distributed in many tissues and nutrients. Although over-ingestion of SnCl2, can cause health problems, relatively little attention has been given to the toxic effects of this compound in livestock health and hematological parameters. This study was designed to study protective roles of A. muricata L. against SnCl2 effects through alleviating hematological disturbances in adult male New-Zealand white rabbits. Materials and Methods: Four rabbits per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 0 mg A. muricata and 0 mg SnCl2/kg BW (control); 100 mg of A. muricata /kg BW; 20 mg SnCl2/kg BW; 20 mg SnCl2 plus 100 mg of A. muricata /kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered the respective doses every other day for 10 weeks. Results: The obtained results showed that A. muricata alone caused increase in body weight, relative weight of liver, lung, heart and kidney. It also caused increase hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) level and number of platelets (PLT) compared to control. However, treatment with A. muricata was caused significant decrease in white blood cell counts (WBCs) and non-significant decrease in red blood cell counts (RBCs), mean cell volume (MCV). Meanwhile, treatment with SnCl2 was lead to adverse effect on the body weight and relative organs weight practically spleen. It was caused significant increase in WBCs, MCV compared to control. The rest of hematological parameters (RBCs, PCV, PLT, Hb and MCHC) were significantly decreased, which indicated to cause anemia. Previous parameters were returned to normal values in group that treatment with A. muricata plus SnCl2. In term of bone marrow smear, all smears are similar in terms of numbers and types of cells. Conclusion: Results of the present study convincingly demonstrated that SnCl2 exposure resulted in varying degree of hematological parameters of rabbits. A. muricata has been promise as nutritional supplements to help prevent disorders involving SnCl2 induced these effects. Thus A. muricata may be helpful to combat SnCl2 associated sufferings in human as well as animal.

Antitumor Potential of Annona muricata Linn. An Edible and Medicinal Plant in Mexico: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Toxicological Studies

Annona muricata (Am) is a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat cancer. In this study, ethanol extracts of Am collected in Acapulco and Tecpan from Guerrero state were evaluated orally on Balb/c mice inoculated with 4T1 cells, for cytotoxic activity (CA) on 4T1 cells, in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), and for acute oral toxicity in mice. In addition, ethanol extracts were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection. Results showed that the extracts collected in December in Acapulco (AcDe) and Tecpan (TeDe) exhibited the most significant antitumor and cytotoxic activity. In the BSLA, the most important effect was observed in the extracts from Acapulco and Tecpan collected in June (AcJu) and August (TeAg), respectively. The samples from Acapulco (AcJu, and AcAg) and Tecpan (TeJu and TeAg) showed the highest toxicity. The analysis of the extracts, AcDe and TeDe, by HPLC revealed that flavonoids, rutin, narcissin, and nicotinflorin were the major components. These findings suggest that extracts from Am collected in Acapulco and Tecpan in the month of December may be an important source to obtain flavonoid glycosides with anticancer potential specifically against breast cancer. This also supports the use of Am to treat cancer in Mexican traditional medicine.

Formulation and Pharmaceutical Assessment of Annona muricata Oral Capsules and Suspension as Antidiarrhea Dosage Forms

Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant widely known for its edible fruits. Recent scientific studies have confirmed the folkloric use of its seeds as an antidiarrheal agent. This study sought to formulate capsules and suspensions using the ethanolic extract from Annona muricata seeds. The dried ethanolic extract was formulated into granules and subsequently encapsulated. The suspension formulated was assessed for sedimentation rate, sedimentation volume, viscosity, dissolution, drug content, and flow rate, while pharmacopeia tests such as disintegration, dissolution, uniformity of weight, and drug content were carried out on the formulated capsules. The formulated suspension passed the drug content and in vitro release studies. Annona muricata suspension exhibited pseudoplastic flow with good sedimentation rate and sedimentation volume. The formulated capsules passed the in vitro dissolution studies, weight uniformity, disintegration, and drug content tests. The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata seeds was appropriately formulated into standardized solid and liquid oral dosage forms.