Craniofacial morphometric analysis as a differentiation tool in mystax group of Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 (Cebidae, Callitrichinae): a preliminary test

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daysa Athaydes Fernandes ◽  
Cayo Auguto Rocha Dias
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Saguinus Mystax ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Definitive Method ◽  
Craniofacial Variation ◽  
Univariate Analyses

This study provides a quantitative assessment of the craniofacial variation among recognized species and subspecies in the Saguinus mystax species group and tests the reliability of the proposed method in detecting differences among taxa. Thirty measurements were taken of 66 tamarin specimens. We used non-parametric MANOVA to test for differentiation among species and among subspecies. Interspecific analyses showed significant variation among species, except for S. inustus. We detected significant differentiation between S. mystax mystax and S. m. pileatus, whereas no significant morphometric difference was found between S. imperator subspecies. Measurements presenting some differentiation among species were selected for subsequent analysis of variance. Univariate analyses detected significant differences among species only for three measurements. Our results suggest that the cranial morphometric variation has limited information to discriminate among the taxa in the S. mystax group. However, we cannot disregard the lack of statistical power due to small sampling in some taxa, absence of some subspecies in the analyses, or even lack of informativeness of the chosen measurements. Morphometric analyses was insufficient to demonstrate complete differentiation in Saguinus. The use of morphometric analyses should not be considered as a definitive method for taxa differentiation and delimitation in Saguinus.

Contrasting genetic, acoustic, and morphological differentiation in two closely related gladiator frogs (Hylidae: Boana) across a common Neotropical landscape

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4609 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOISÉS D. ESCALONA S. ◽  
FLORA ACUÑA JUNCÁ ◽  
ARIOVALDO A. GIARETTA ◽  
ANDREW J. CRAWFORD ◽  
ENRIQUE LA MARCA
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Geographic Barrier ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Morphometric Analyses

Mountain chains and rivers are often found to represent barriers promoting vicariant differentiation in terrestrial vertebrates. Previous studies have supported the idea that the Cordillera de Mérida (CM), the easternmost branch of the Northern Andes, represents a geographic barrier for vertebrates, including frogs. Previous studies have also suggested that the Orinoco River (OR), the biggest river in Venezuela, also represents a geographic barrier for terrestrial vertebrates. Boana pugnax and B. xerophylla are two Neotropical hylids, members of the B. faber species group, that are distributed on either side of the CM, and whose ranges extend up to 605 and 2450 m in elevation, respectively. In addition, B. xerophylla occurs on either side of the OR. Herein, we assess the genetic, acoustic, and morphological differentiation within B. pugnax and within B. xerophylla across the CM and within B. xerophylla across the OR, and test if genetic differentiation is correlated with geographic distance. We also evaluated the acoustic differentiation between the recently recognized B. xerophylla and its sister species, B. crepitans, and found marked differences between advertisement calls, corroborating their status as distinct species. Genetic and morphometric analyses of populations from opposite sides of the CM revealed differentiation in B. pugnax but not in B. xerophylla. Within the latter species, we found molecular, acoustic, and morphometric differentiation among samples of B. xerophylla from western Venezuela versus the Guiana Shield. Genetic variation within B. pugnax and within B. xerophylla was not explained by geographic distance. Thus, our data show conspecific population structure across the CM in B. pugnax, plus the possible existence of two species within what today is considered B. xerophylla, yet the CM apparently is not involved in this divergence. These results suggest that even for closely related species with shared ecology and distribution, genetic and phenotypic differentiation respond differently to common ecological or historical factors. 

Allozyme, chromosomal and morphological variability in the Litoria lesueuri species group (Anura : Hylidae), including a description of a new species

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Donnellan ◽  
M. J. Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Eastern Australia

Allozyme variation at 36 loci was screened in 179 individuals of the Litoria lesueuri species group from 33 locations from across the species' range in eastern Australia. We identified three genetic groups, with discrete and disjunct distributions, that we consider to be separate species. The northernmost group, L.�jungguy, sp. nov., had a distinctive standard and C-band karyotype, while the karyotypes of the two southern groups, L. lesueuri (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) and L. wilcoxii Gunther, 1864, differed only in minor details of their C-band patterns. Stepwise discriminant function analysis of morphometric variation among 13 meristic variables was able to discriminate L. lesueuri and L. wilcoxii in 100% of cases but discrimination between L. wilcoxii and L. jungguy was less successful, with 75% and 56% of each group respectively being correctly classified. Locations with inter-group hybrids were identified in the Australian Capital Territory, mid-east Queensland and two localities in far north Queensland. However, each of the groups has a large geographic range within which there was relative allozyme and karyotype uniformity. On the basis of the genetic data, each group is herein elevated to species status. Existing types were assigned to their respective genetic groups on the basis of a discriminant function analysis. Formal taxonomic accounts are provided. The closely related L. booroolongensis (Moore, 1961), sole member of the L.�booroolongensis species group, differed allozymically from all three species of the L. lesueuri species group but only from the northern species in its karyotype. Small genetic distances between L.�booroolongensis and members of the L. lesueuri species group indicate a close relationship for the two species groups.

Relations of Singing Talent with Voice Onset Time of Trained and Untrained Female Singers

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Christopher R. McCrea ◽  
Christopher Watts
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Singers ◽  
Univariate Analyses

This study examined phonatory-articulatory timing during sung productions by trained and untrained female singers with and without singing talent. 31 untrained female singers were divided into two groups (talented or untalented) based on the perceptual judgments of singing talent by two experienced vocal instructors. In addition to the untrained singers, 24 trained female singers were recorded singing America the Beautiful, and voice onset time was measured for selected words containing /p, b, g, k/. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that phonatory-articulatory timing, as measured with voice onset time, was different among the three groups for /g/, with the untrained-untalented singers displaying longer voice onset time than the trained singers. No other significant differences were observed across the other phonemes. Despite a significant difference observed, relatively small effect sizes and statistical power make it difficult to draw any conclusions regarding the usefulness of voice onset time as an indicator of singing talent.

scholarly journals Solanum plastisexum, an enigmatic new bush tomato from the Australian Monsoon Tropics exhibiting breeding system fluidity

PhytoKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela J. McDonnell ◽  
Heather B. Wetreich ◽  
Jason T. Cantley ◽  
Peter Jobson ◽  
Christopher T. Martine
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Sexual Fluidity ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Australian Monsoon ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Biogeographic Region ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
A New Species

A bush tomato that has evaded classification by solanologists for decades has been identified and is described as a new species belonging to the Australian “Solanumdioicum group” of the Ord Victoria Plain biogeographic region in the monsoon tropics of the Northern Territory. Although now recognised to be andromonoecious, S.plastisexum Martine & McDonnell, sp. nov. exhibits multiple reproductive phenotypes, with solitary perfect flowers, a few staminate flowers or with cymes composed of a basal hermaphrodite and an extended rachis of several to many staminate flowers. When in fruit, the distal rachis may abcise and drop. A member of SolanumsubgenusLeptostemonum, Solanumplastisexum is allied to the S.eburneum Symon species group. Morphometric analyses presented here reveal that S.plastisexum differs statistically from all of its closest relatives including S.eburneum, S.diversiflorum F. Meull., S.jobsonii Martine, J.Cantley & L.M.Lacey, S.succosum A.R.Bean & Albr. and S.watneyi Martine & Frawley in both reproductive and vegetative characters. We present evidence supporting the recognition of S.plastisexum as a distinctive entity, a description of the species, representative photographs, a map showing the distribution of members of the S.eburneum species group and a key to the andromonoecious Solanum species of the Northern Territory of Australia. This new species is apparently labile in its reproductive expression, lending to its epithet, and is a model for the sort of sexual fluidity that is present throughout the plant kingdom.

scholarly journals Distribution models and morphometric analyses in Deyeuxia velutina, an Andean grass species

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-524
Author(s):  
María A. Ferrero ◽  
Agostina B. Sassone ◽  
Liliana M. Giussani ◽  
Andrea S. Vega
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Rúgolo de Agrasar recognized two varieties of Deyeuxia velutina (D. velutina var. velutina and D. velutina var. nardifolia) based on leaf sheath indumentum, lemma length, and leaf blade direction. However, taxonomic delimitation has been difficult due to occasional overlapping characters. To assess the infraspecific delimitation of D. velutina, we present a comprehensive study combining morphometric analyses and a potential distribution model. To explore morphological variation and select diagnostic characters, we measured 124 morphological characters in 52 specimens of both varieties and performed a principal coordinate analysis and univariate analyses (Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test). Both taxa resolved as separate morphological groups. Additionally, a Discriminant Analysis was performed to classify the individuals in the predetermined morphological groups. For modeling the species distribution, 26 specimens of D. velutina var. nardifolia and 68 of D. velutina var. velutina were georeferenced and 20 environmental variables were analyzed through a Maximum Entropy model. Deyeuxia velutina extends in the high Andean region from Peru to southern Argentina and Chile. Both varieties differed in their geographical limits, a result supported by regression analyses of latitude and longitude on the principal coordinates of the PCoA. Deyeuxia velutina var. nardifolia is restricted to the northern area of distribution while D. velutina var. velutina showed a higher habitat suitability in the southern region. Moreover, D. velutina var. nardifolia is here reported for the first time in San Juan province (Argentina), constituting the austral limit of its geographical distribution. Additional reliable morphological characters were considered in an updated key to the varieties.

scholarly journals A new species of Craugastor (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the montane rainforest of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Arias ◽  
Gerardo Chaves ◽  
Gabriela Parra-Olea
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Species Group ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Cordillera De Talamanca ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Montane Rainforest

A new species of Craugastor (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the montane rainforest of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. A new dirt frog of the Craugastor podiciferus Species Group is described from Costa Rica; it is restricted to elevations between 2330 and 2700 m a.s.l. in the montane rainforest of the Cordillera de Talamanca. Analysis of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA (16S) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes reveals a distinct lineage within the C. podiciferus Species Group. Additional morphological and morphometric analyses support the distinctiveness of this lineage that is described as a new species herein. The species is distinguished from other members of the C. podiciferus Species Group by its unique coloration: a violet-brown to blackish brown venter with white pigment forming blotches, and dark brown palmar surfaces with prominent white folds between subarticular tubercles in the adults. The genetic divergence of the species from other members of the C. podiciferus Species Group is signifcant (higher than 9.2% in 16S and 13.3% in COI). Although not closely related, it resembles C. podiciferus morphologically, a species that also inhabits montane rainforest. The discovery of this new species highlights the importance of montane rainforest as a center of species richness and endemism.

scholarly journals Response paper: Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-676
Author(s):  
Mauricio de la Maza-Benignos ◽  
Ma. de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano ◽  
María Elena García-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Current Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Valid Taxon ◽  
Present Response

ABSTRACT In the present response paper, the article entitled "Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H. labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?" by Mejía et al . 2015 is critically reviewed. The current review pinpoints some of the more conspicuous conceptual inconsistencies and fundamental errors found in the study by Mejía et al . (2015), It is contended that the authors fail to provide any new insights into the complex biogeography and evolutionary history of the Nosferatu and Herichthys genus groups, and that while results of their Cox1 molecular analysis are comparable to those by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015), the conclusions of the two studies are not comparable. In addition, it is contested that, whereas the designation of genus Nosferatu by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015) was found on the principles of the biological and phylogenetic species concepts, the rejection of the genus by Mejía et al . (2015) is solely based "on the presence of (overlapping) morphometric characters" between genera. The assumption by Mejía et al . (2015),that because their geometric morphometrics analysis failed to provide separation of species, then Nosferatu genus does not correspond to a valid taxon; and their suggesting geometric morphometrics "as useful tool to discriminate species, because it allows to propose diagnostic characters" were not supported by their results. While Mejía et al . present some interesting thoughts on the systematics of Nosferatu , they unfortunately fail to provide any data that can be objectively assessed as relevant to motivate any changes in the current taxonomy.

Use of Principal Component Analysis on Data from Chemical Analysis of Tea Leaves

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Willson ◽  
G. H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Univariate Analyses

SUMMARYUnivariate analyses of variance of mineral nutrient contents of samples of first and third leaves from seven fertilizer experiments in East Africa gave only limited information. Principal component analyses were then carried out on the nutrient contents of the third leaves. The most important component represented a balance between nitrogen and the basic nutrients potassium, calcium and magnesium, the variation of which was often related to yield. The results suggest that yield responses are likely to follow fertilizer applications only when the ratio of nitrogen to basic nutrients is within a defined range.

A revision of the species group of Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) (Squamata: Natricidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3473 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERNOT VOGEL ◽  
PATRICK DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Large Area ◽  
As Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Morphological variation was investigated across the entire geographic range of the snakes of the Xenochrophis piscatorspecies group. Our results, based on morphological univariate analyses, show the existence of several well-definedclusters identified as species. Xenochrophis flavipunctatus (Hallowell, 1861) is distinct from X. piscator (Schneider, 1799)and sympatric with it over a large area. Xenochrophis tytleri (Blyth, 1863) is confirmed as the valid combination for thepopulation living on the Andaman Islands. Xenochrophis asperrimus (Boulenger, 1891) is confirmed, with species status,for populations from Sri Lanka. Xenochrophis melanzostus (Gravenhorst, 1807) is accepted, as a distinct species mostprobably endemic to Java. Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri Kramer, 1977 is confirmed for populations from Nepal,southeastern Pakistan, and northern and eastern India. Tropidonotus sanctijohannis Boulenger, 1891 seems to be amontane colour morph of X. piscator and is not regarded here as valid. The second population of “X. piscator“ on SriLanka is regarded as different from that of the mainland, but it is not named here due to the uncertain relationships amongpopulations of southern India and Sri Lanka. The variation of X. piscator sensu stricto is discussed. All taxa areredescribed on the basis of new material. The history of all synonyms is discussed and neotypes are designated for Hydruspalustris Schneider, 1799, Coluber melanzostus Gravenhorst, 1807 and Amphiesma flavipunctatum Hallowell, 1861. The holotype of Hydrus piscator Schneider 1799 has been rediscovered and is discussed.

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