scholarly journals Protection of old forges in Sułkowice – symbol of the local crafts-manship

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Barbara Zin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
The Town ◽  
Second World

Wooden structures linked to agriculture are disappearing from the image of the Polish countryside, villages and small towns at the beginning of the 21st century. It is worthy to start the discussion on the fate of desolate, deteriorating forges, sawmills, carpentries, or water mills which are relics of the traditional technology. Sułkowice, a small town in the Małopolskie voivodeship, has been known for ages as a prominent centre of blacksmiths and their craft. Even today one feels the specific character of the landscape; in the mid-19th century circa 1000 blacksmiths worked there. Tradition lived until the times after the Second World War – when artisans in Sułkowice forged, among others, artful fittings for the MS ‘Batory’ [famed Polish liner]. Inventories, surveys and measurements of old forges, elaborated by the authoress within the framework of the research grant “Image of villages and small towns in Poland of the last decade of the 20th century” (led by Prof. Wiktor Zin) led to gathering of the documentation of circa 20 structures hailing from the close of the 19th century. After 20 years that elapsed since the research there are only a few left, and their days are numbered. Local Programme of Revitalisation of the Town from the year 2007 which is a strategic plan for enterprises aiming at amelioration of the area, does not mention the protection of the last witnesses of the local crafts’s tradition. Whereby the activisation of the local community, deriving from the tradition of the place, should be the aim of such a programme. Thus maybe there should be reconstruction and later ‘cyclical rebuilding’ of the structures which have no chance to exist with their primary function? “Old-new” wooden structures shall be a reminder of the blacksmiths’ tradition.

A century of physics in Oxford

1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bleaney
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

This paper gives a concise history of the development of physics in Oxford, mainly from the middle of the 19th century to 1945. The first part covers the origins of the old Clarendon Laboratory and the Electrical Laboratory. The second part is devoted to the new Clarendon Laboratory, constructed in 1938–39, and the work there during the Second World War, together with a brief summary of important changes in 1945–46.

Federal Systems of Government

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-186
Author(s):  
P. Elman ◽  
M. Knisbacher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
World Government ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

It is perhaps paradoxical that the spread of nationalism in modern times has been accompanied by a counter-movement for the establishment of broader units of government, not only internationally, where plans and projects for some form of world government go back to at least the 17th century, but regionally as well. This study is concerned with the local or regional expression of integration, called federalism or federation.Clearly inspired, if not directly and immediately affected, by the example of the United States, the federal movement made headway in the 19th century, but it is largely since the end of the Second World War and the demise of colonialism, that its dimensions have grown. Although its success generally is rather doubtful—there appears to be a kind of empiric rule that the first fifteen are crucial—the retreat, so to speak, from particularism and attempts to advance to geographically broader units of government have persisted.

scholarly journals Uelen hunters and artists

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Bronshtein
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Artistic Style ◽  
Deep Knowledge ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Abstract Uelen is a settlement inhabited by coastal Chukchi and Yupik people who do not only hunt sea animals but also carve their ivory. Archaeological excavations in Uelen testify that ivory carving has existed there at least since the beginning of our era. When whale hunters and traders came in Uelen in the 19th century, traditional ivory carving turned into an ethnic handicraft. In 1931, Uelen residents were the first to open an ivory carving workshop in Chukotka. In the mid-1930s, they benefited from the valuable help of the Russian artist and art critic Alexander Gorbunkov, who encouraged them to develop their own artistic potential. By the end of the 1930s, Uelen carvers and engravers had acquired their particular artistic style based on their deep knowledge of the Arctic hunters’ customs, expressive images of polar animals, and the natural beauty of walrus tusk. The involvement of a large number of Uelen inhabitants in ivory carving was the main reason for its preservation during the Second World War and the difficult aftermath. New tendencies, including human and folklore themes, emerged in the 1950s-1970s alongside traditional hunting depictions. In the 1980s and 1990s, Uelen artists included in their art some patterns from prehistoric ornaments. While many Chukotka artists are using new creative ways in the 2000s, Uelen carvers in general keep closer to tradition. For them, ivory carving has become a symbol of the vanishing culture of their ancestors.

scholarly journals Rewolucja dokonana i obroniona

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Bronisław Gołębiowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

The author disputes Leder’s idea in Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej [A Missed Revolution: Exercise in Historical Logic] (2014) that a great revolution, eliminating the “late feudalism” of the 19th century, occurred in Poland in the years 1939–1956 and that it happened because of the war’s destruction of the old social structures and the Nazi genocide of the Jewish population, that is, the bourgeois class, which was replaced in the years 1945–1956 by unconscious beneficiaries of the change. The beneficiaries were unaware, he writes, because the essence of the changes and their benefits never entered the social imaginary. The core of the author’s polemic is the claim that such change, which was conducted by force and by foreigners, can not be called a “revolution,” that is, the passage of society to modernity. Furthermore, the author claims that the great Polish revolution was conducted in full by the nation, by the peasant classes, in the years 1914–1922, and was popular and independence-oriented in nature. It was the continuation of the Polish independence uprisings of the 19th century, the result of changes in the social structure that had been occurring for years in the Polish lands, which were at the time divided between the partitioning states, and of deepening self-awareness among the people. The revolution was continued after Poland’s acquisition of independence in 1918. The Second World War, and foreign intervention, only disrupted that process.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BELGIAN ACCOUNTING CODE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignace De Beelde
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
World War ◽  
Voluntary Adoption ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

Continental European countries are familiar with standardized charts of accounts. Practices in these countries have been quite diverging however, ranging from the voluntary adoption of schemes developed by professionals or associations to state-imposed charts. In the development of these schemes, several Belgian accounting scholars have played an important role, particularly from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. This paper links the charts proposed in Belgium with attempts to develop unified accounting and costing methods and efforts to introduce principles of scientific management around the end of the Second World War. It also seeks to explain why the introduction of decimalized charts took longer in Belgium than other countries such as France.

scholarly journals Sultan Sulayman’s Mosque in Jajce from its Foundation (1528) until the Second World War (1941)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Elvir Duranović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

After the conquest of Jajce in 1528, by order of the Ottoman rule, the former Church of St. Mary was converted into a mosque which was named after the then sultan, namely Sultan Suleyman’s Mosque or the Emperor’s Mosque. Without referring to the pre-Ottoman period of the construction and activities of St. Mary’s Church for which our literature accumulated considerable material, this paper will focus on the period of the foundation of the mosque in 1528 until the beginning of the Second World War. Based on the archival material and published sources, this paper tries to explain why St. Mary’s Church had been converted into a mosque and how that had been done. More significant events from the history of the mosque are highligted, and also imams, hatibs, muezzins and other mosque officials are portrayed chronologically to the present day. Special attention is focused on the history of Sultan Sulayman’s Mosque in the 19th century when a fire broke out at the mosque, and it has never been restored to the present day. Referring to the sources from the archives of the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the author has pointed to the causes of the fact that the mosque was not restored after the fire.

scholarly journals The Second Scramble for Africa: A Cause for Afro-Pessimism

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Joel N. Nwachukwu ◽  
Aaron Ola Ogundiwin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
China And India ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

This paper argued that although the second scramble for Africa could be located within the broader neo-imperialist global strategy, nevertheless, it is quite different from the classic race for Africa in the 19th century, in terms of its approach, mechanism, timing and new participants. It is also new in some ways. Firstly, it has enlisted the rampageous United States of America, Russia and the ravenous new Asian entrants such as China and India, plus the Oil-rich Sheikdoms, while retaining a number of the European imperial powers in the affray. Secondly, it has created a local bourgeoisie that sees itself as the overseer of foreign interests on the continent. Thirdly, the ideology of the new scramble is based on quick-loot-fast-plunder and is derived from modern globalization imperatives. This study which adopted as its approach, a combination of descriptive, analytical, evaluative as well as historical perspectives insists that unless the second scramble is checked, it would consolidate Africa’s relegation to marginality, cultural irrelevance, and eventual recolonization. Through the test of series of hypotheses, the work exposed the major forces at work as it answered some basic questions of the research. It concludes that Africa needs a super power to provide it with a nuclear umbrella, and draw a marshal plan – the type America did for the war devastated Europe at the end of the Second World War, to assert itself.

scholarly journals Idea niepodległości w powojennej Polsce

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Tomasz Gąsowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Independent Existence

The Polish idea of independence was formed in the first half of the 19th century. It al-lowed the Poles to durably survive the time of the partitions and was short-lived in the autumn of 1918. The Poles then started with enthusiasm to build from scratch a modern state, the Poland Reborn. This idea motivated them to fight against the German and Soviet invasion in 1939 and continued resistance during the Second World War. In time the com-munist slavery after 1945, it survived in the collective memory of the Poles and was passed on to future generations. It was an important inspiration for some of the opposition circles operating in Poland since 1976. She prepared the ground for receiving the papal message to the Poles during his first pilgrimage to the Fatherland. It contained a call to responsible freedom, including also the right of the nation independent existence. His fulfillment took place equally ten years, in 1989, thanks to the Solidarity movement.

scholarly journals Gender Image of Japan in Russia and the USSR: From the Country of Women to the Country of Samurai (from the End of the 19th Century to the Second World War)

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
A. N. Meshcheryakov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Initial Process

The word “samurai” firmly rooted in the modern Russian language, along with Fujiyama, geisha and sakura. Though obviously this was not always the case. This article traces the initial process of perceiving the concept of samurai in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union: from the 1890s, from the first military victories of rapidly modernizing Japan, to the RussoJapanese War and further to the beginning of the Second World War. Initially endowed with features of “childishness” or “femininity,” gentleness and grace, the image of Japan is gradually becoming “masculine” and is increasingly associated with the concept of “samurai.” At first, this concept is related to such qualities as belligerence and cruelty but also loyalty to lord and “knightly” honor. Often, following Nitobe Inazo, the best qualities of the Japanese are generally traced back to the samurai tradition. Later, the Japanese appear in an increasingly caricature form, as greedy but powerless aggressors. At first, this image is not associated with the concept of “samurai” but by the 1930s fused with it. At the same time, Soviet authors criticize the “feminine” perception of Japan – they describe both the ruling exploiter and the exploited worker with “masculine” traits. The article examines the early Japanese borrowings in Russian dictionaries of foreign words, the images of the Japanese in the writings of Russian and Soviet writers, the characteristics of the country and its inhabitants in popular editions devoted to Japan as well as in propaganda texts and pictures.

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