scholarly journals SYNTHYSIS OF RAYON FROM DATE PALM FRONDS

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
High Lignin Content

The artificial silk (Rayon) was produced from the fronds of date palms which was taken from date palm trees (type Al-Zahdi) from the Iraqi gardens. Two main parts of the frond, namely leaves and stalks were used in this study to produce rayon. The palm fronds were converted into a powder of 90-180 micrometers. Major steps were used to produce rayon; delignification, bleaching and finally dissolution. Modified organosolv method which uses organic solvent method was applied to remove high lignin content. Three variables were studied in the delignification process: temperature, the ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. The results showed that the best percent of lignin removal was (97%) which occured at; digestion time (80 minutes), temperature (185oC) and the ratio of ethanol: water of 50: 50 wt/wt. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as a dependent variable.  The effect of using different catalysts in delignification process  have been studied and found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at the concentration (0.025) mole/L which gave the same percent removal of lignin (97%) but with low digestion time about 30 min. In the next step, the cellulose was dissolved using. NaOH with different concentrations (4%-12%) and the results showed that the optimum concentration of sodium hydroxide was 8% at temperature - 20oC. In order to improve cellulose dissolution, urea was added with proportion (6% NaOH + 4% urea). Finally, the cellulose was spinning with 10% H2SO4 to prepare rayon.

scholarly journals Delignification of Date Palm Fronds using Modified Organosolv Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Salih Mahdi ◽  
Asem Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Alaa Kareem Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Stainless Steel Reactor ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
High Lignin Content

Abstract   In this study, modified organic solvent (organosolv) method was applied to remove high lignin content in the date palm fronds (type Al-Zahdi) which was taken from the Iraqi gardens. In modified organosolv, lignocellulosic material is fractionated into its constituents (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). In this process, solvent (organic)-water is brought into contact with the lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, using stainless steel reactor (digester). Therefor; most of hemicellulose will remove from the biomass, while the solid residue (mainly cellulose) can be used in various industrial fields. Three variables were studied in this process: temperature, ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as dependent variable. The results obtained in this study were represented by a polynomial mathematical equation of the second degree.  The results showed that the best digestion time was (80 minutes), which gave the best percent remaining concentration of lignin (3%) at temperature of 185oC and ratio of ethanol: water equal to 50: 50 wt/wt. In order to reduce digesting time, the effect of using different catalysts have been studied such as (NaOH, H2SO4, Ca (OH) 2) at low concentration (0.025, 0.025, 0.05M) respectively. It was found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at concentration (0.025) mol/L which gave the same percent of  lignin 3% but with low digestion time about 30 min. Keywords: Biomass pre-treatment, delignification, lignin, organosolv, date palm fronds.

scholarly journals CELLULOSE ACETATE PRODUCTION BY ACETYLATION OF CELLULOSE DERIVED FROM DATE PALM FRONDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-975
Author(s):  
Jassem & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Acetate Production ◽  
Pretreatment Time ◽  
Pretreatment Temperature ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
High Lignin Content

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a biopolymer produced from fronds of date palm (type teperzal) which were taken from the Iraqi groves. The steps used to produce (CA); pretreatment, bleaching, acetylation and hydrolysis. Organosolv pretreatment method was used to remove high lignin content under mild and severe conditions using NaOH as a catalyst at the concentration (0.03) M. The conditions of Organosolv pretreatment were used: temperature (125 °C mild, 160 °C severe), pretreatment time 90 min, and ethanol: water ratio 40:60 wt/wt. The acetylation of cellulose with acetic acid was used to produce cellulose tri-(CTA) and di-(CDA) acetate for two ways: with treated and untreated fronds. The conditions of acetylation reaction were used: temperature (50-55) °C and time (1, 2 & 3) h. The product was characterized by the solubility test, titration method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the high percentage of lignin removed was (93%), the best degree of substitution (DS) for (CTA) and (CDA) were 3.01 and 2.60. As well as the excellent solubility percentages for (CTA) with chloroform and mixture of chloroform/methanol were 90% and 84%, respectively. While the solubility percentage for (CDA) with acetone was 95%, these result occurred at pretreatment temperature 160°C, pretreatment time 90 min and reaction time 3 h.

scholarly journals Enhancing Bioethanol Productivity Using Alkali-Pretreated Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fiber Hydrolysate

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seonghun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Batch Fermentation ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Fed Batch Fermentation ◽  
High Lignin Content ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Empty palm fruit bunch fiber (EPFBF) is a renewable resource in oil palm plantations that can be used for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. To enhance ethanol productivity with high-lignin-content EPFBF, the biomass was prepared with an alkali-thermal pretreatment (sodium hydroxide, 121°C, 60 min). The delignification yield was 55.4–56.9%, in proportion to the amount of sodium hydroxide, from 0.5 to 2.0 M. The lignin and hemicellulose contents of EPFBF were reduced by the pretreatment process, whereas the proportion of cellulose was increased. During enzymatic saccharification using Celluclast 1.5L and Novozyme 188 enzyme cocktails, about 62% of glucan was converted to a fermentable sugar. In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, comparison among three ethanologenic yeast strains showed Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A to be a candidate for maximum ethanol yield. In a batch fermentation with alkali-pretreated EPFBF hydrolysate, 21 g/L ethanol was obtained within 28 h, for a production yield of 0.102 g ethanol/g dry EPFBF or 0.458 g ethanol/g glucose. Moreover, a fed-batch fermentation produced 33.8±0.5 g/L ethanol with 1.57 g/L/h productivity in 20 h. These results show that the combination of alkaline pretreatment and biomass hydrolysate is useful for enhancing bioethanol productivity using delignified EPFBF.

scholarly journals Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Mattar ◽  
Said S. Soliman ◽  
Rashid S. Al-Obeed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Palm Trees

A field experiment was conducted on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera ‘Succary’) cultivated on sandy loam soil from 2017 to 2018. This study investigated the effects of providing water of three different qualities, namely freshwater (FR) and two saline water sources: reclaimed wastewater (RW) and well-water (WE) applied through three irrigation levels representing 50% (I50), 100% (I100), and 150% (I150) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), on the soil water and salt distribution patterns, yield, water productivity (WP), and fruit quality of the ′Succary′ date palm. The electrical conductivity (ECw) of FR, RW, and WE were 0.18, 2.06, and 3.94 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that WE applied by the I150 treatment had the highest soil water content, followed by RW used in the I100 irrigation level and FR with I50, whereas the soil salt content was high for WE applied in the I50 level and low for FR applied by the I150 treatment. Deficit irrigation (I50) of date palms with either RW or WE reduced date yields on average 86 kg per tree, whereas the yield increased under over-irrigation (I150) with FR to 123.25 kg per tree. High WP values were observed in the I50 treatments with FR, RW, or WE (on average 1.82, 1.68, and 1.67 kg m−3, respectively), whereas the I150 treatment with each of the three water types showed the lowest WP values. Fruit weight and size were the lowest in the full irrigation (I100) with WE, whereas the I150 treatment with RW showed the highest values. There were no significant differences in either total soluble solids (TSS) or acidity values when the irrigation level decreased from 100% to 50% ETc. Compared with both I50 and I100 treatments, reduced values of both TSS and acidity were observed in the I150 treatment when ECw decreased from 3.94 to 0.18 dS m−1,. Fruit moisture content decreased with the application of saline irrigation water (i.e., RW or WE). Total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents in fruits were found to be decreased in the combination of RW and I150, whereas the 50% ETc irrigation level caused an increment in both parameters. These results suggest that the application of deficit irrigation to date palm trees grown in arid regions, either with FR or without it, can sufficiently maximize WP and improve the quality of fruits but negatively affects yield, especially when saline water is applied. The use of saline water for irrigation may negatively affect plants because of salt accumulation in the soil in the long run.

Effect of Cellulase and Tannase Enzymes Supplemention on the Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes Fed Diets Contain Date Palm Fronds

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abd El ◽  
M. S.A. Khatt ◽  
H. M. El-Zaia ◽  
O. H. Matloup ◽  
A.A. Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Lactating Buffaloes ◽  
Palm Fronds

Effects of feeding ensiled date palm fronds and a by-product concentrate on performance and meat quality of Omani sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Mahgoub ◽  
Isam T. Kadim ◽  
Musab H. Al-Busaidi ◽  
Kanthi Annamalai ◽  
Naseeb M. Al-Saqri
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Palm Fronds

Characterisation of Drawing Papers for Borko Lazeski’s Cartoons (1951–56)

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-183
Author(s):  
Maja Kostadinovska
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Informed Treatment ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Spot Tests ◽  
High Lignin Content

Abstract This paper presents a study of the drawing papers from Borko Lazeski’s cartoons for a mural painting. The collection is comprised of more than 20 single pieces (170×500 cm) executed in charcoal, pencil, pastel, tempera and ink. The cartoons exhibit different types of damages, such as grease stains, moisture stains, cracks, flaking paint, areas of loss caused by insects and mould stains. The study included spot tests, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy to characterise the artist’s papers. They were found to be a type of paper composed of partly bleached, neutral sulphite semi-chemical (NSSC) wood pulp originating from coniferous trees (softwood) with the occasional use of abaca fibres. The laboratory tests revealed slightly acidic conditions (pH=5.01–6.52), high lignin content (>5 %) and alum-rosin sizing. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed all findings of the spot tests. Micro-Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of gypsum in the papers. The study addresses conservation issues arising from the chemical nature of the paper support and highlights the need for an extended study in order to be able to make informed treatment choices.

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