Delignification of Date Palm Fronds using Modified Organosolv Technique

Abstract In this study, modified organic solvent (organosolv) method was applied to remove high lignin content in the date palm fronds (type Al-Zahdi) which was taken from the Iraqi gardens. In modified organosolv, lignocellulosic material is fractionated into its constituents (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose). In this process, solvent (organic)-water is brought into contact with the lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, using stainless steel reactor (digester). Therefor; most of hemicellulose will remove from the biomass, while the solid residue (mainly cellulose) can be used in various industrial fields. Three variables were studied in this process: temperature, ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as dependent variable. The results obtained in this study were represented by a polynomial mathematical equation of the second degree. The results showed that the best digestion time was (80 minutes), which gave the best percent remaining concentration of lignin (3%) at temperature of 185oC and ratio of ethanol: water equal to 50: 50 wt/wt. In order to reduce digesting time, the effect of using different catalysts have been studied such as (NaOH, H2SO4, Ca (OH) 2) at low concentration (0.025, 0.025, 0.05M) respectively. It was found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at concentration (0.025) mol/L which gave the same percent of lignin 3% but with low digestion time about 30 min. Keywords: Biomass pre-treatment, delignification, lignin, organosolv, date palm fronds.

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SYNTHYSIS OF RAYON FROM DATE PALM FRONDS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v49i6.141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Mahdi & et al.

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Date Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Statistical Experimental Design ◽

Digestion Time ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Design Type ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Central Composite ◽

High Lignin Content

The artificial silk (Rayon) was produced from the fronds of date palms which was taken from date palm trees (type Al-Zahdi) from the Iraqi gardens. Two main parts of the frond, namely leaves and stalks were used in this study to produce rayon. The palm fronds were converted into a powder of 90-180 micrometers. Major steps were used to produce rayon; delignification, bleaching and finally dissolution. Modified organosolv method which uses organic solvent method was applied to remove high lignin content. Three variables were studied in the delignification process: temperature, the ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. The results showed that the best percent of lignin removal was (97%) which occured at; digestion time (80 minutes), temperature (185oC) and the ratio of ethanol: water of 50: 50 wt/wt. Statistical experimental design type Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to find a mathematical relationship between the variables and the remaining lignin percent as a dependent variable. The effect of using different catalysts in delignification process have been studied and found that the best catalyst is sodium hydroxide at the concentration (0.025) mole/L which gave the same percent removal of lignin (97%) but with low digestion time about 30 min. In the next step, the cellulose was dissolved using. NaOH with different concentrations (4%-12%) and the results showed that the optimum concentration of sodium hydroxide was 8% at temperature - 20oC. In order to improve cellulose dissolution, urea was added with proportion (6% NaOH + 4% urea). Finally, the cellulose was spinning with 10% H2SO4 to prepare rayon.

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CELLULOSE ACETATE PRODUCTION BY ACETYLATION OF CELLULOSE DERIVED FROM DATE PALM FRONDS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51i3.1052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 967-975

Author(s):

Jassem & et al.

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Date Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Organosolv Pretreatment ◽

Acetate Production ◽

Pretreatment Time ◽

Pretreatment Temperature ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Chloroform Methanol ◽

High Lignin Content

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a biopolymer produced from fronds of date palm (type teperzal) which were taken from the Iraqi groves. The steps used to produce (CA); pretreatment, bleaching, acetylation and hydrolysis. Organosolv pretreatment method was used to remove high lignin content under mild and severe conditions using NaOH as a catalyst at the concentration (0.03) M. The conditions of Organosolv pretreatment were used: temperature (125 °C mild, 160 °C severe), pretreatment time 90 min, and ethanol: water ratio 40:60 wt/wt. The acetylation of cellulose with acetic acid was used to produce cellulose tri-(CTA) and di-(CDA) acetate for two ways: with treated and untreated fronds. The conditions of acetylation reaction were used: temperature (50-55) °C and time (1, 2 & 3) h. The product was characterized by the solubility test, titration method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the high percentage of lignin removed was (93%), the best degree of substitution (DS) for (CTA) and (CDA) were 3.01 and 2.60. As well as the excellent solubility percentages for (CTA) with chloroform and mixture of chloroform/methanol were 90% and 84%, respectively. While the solubility percentage for (CDA) with acetone was 95%, these result occurred at pretreatment temperature 160°C, pretreatment time 90 min and reaction time 3 h.

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Evaluation of Biogas Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Aquatic Macrophytes in a Brazilian Reservoir

Journal of Energy Research and Reviews ◽

10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i130180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

R. Nagipe da Silva Paulo ◽

A. Viana Gusmão Vieira ◽

P. Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Aquatic Macrophytes ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Hydroelectric Plant ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Pistia Stratiotes ◽

Stainless Steel Reactor ◽

Biogas Plants ◽

Pre Treatment

Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic habitats. However, the overgrowth of aquatic plants can cause severe problems for the management of bodies of water. As a result, these plants must be removed and disposed of as waste. However, the usage of this biomass as a substrate in biogas plants would appear to be more beneficial. The present work deals with the anaerobic digestion (AD) of macrophytes species that cause inconvenience to power generation at hydroelectric plant in Minas Gerais - Brazil. The study examines the following macrophytes species; Salvinia molest Oxycarium cubense, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Brachiaria. The experiments were carried out as stainless steel reactor with temperature, agitation and pressure control. As pre-treatment of macrophytes was used heat treatment at 120°C and pressure of 1.6 atm. The maximum methane content was 60% during 40 days digestion time, for Brachiaria of higher lignin content. The result obtained, mainly with Brachiaria demonstrates the efficiency of pre-treatment for the lignocellulosic samples.

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Enzyme-assisted Extraction for Optimized Recovery of Phenolic Bioactives from Peganum hermala Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research ◽

10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:349-354 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 349-354

Author(s):

Qadir Rahman ◽

Anwar Farooq ◽

Amjad Gilani Mazhar ◽

Nadeem Yaqoob Muhammad ◽

Ahmad Mukhtar

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Optimized Conditions ◽

Enzyme Complexes ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Central Composite

This study investigates the effect of enzyme formulations (Zympex-014, Kemzyme dry-plus and Natuzyme) on recovery of phenolics from Peganum hermala (harmal) leaves, under optimized conditions using response surface methodology. As compared to the other enzyme complexes, the yield (34 g/100g) obtained through Zympex-014-assisted extraction was higher under optimized conditions such as time (75 min), temperature (70°C), pH (6.5) and enzyme concentration (5 g/100 g) using central composite design (CCD). Effectiveness of Zympex-014 towards hydrolysis of P. hermala leaves cell wall was examined by analyzing the control and enzyme-treated leave residues using scanning electron microscope (SEM). GC/MS characterization authenticated the presence of quercetin (1.44), gallic acid (0.23), caffeic acid (0.04), cinnamic acid (0.05), m-coumaric acid (0.23) and p-coumaric acid (0.37 μg/g) as the potent phenolics in Zympex-014 based extract. It can be concluded from the findings of the current work that pre-treatment of P. hermala leaves with Zympex-014 significantly enhanced the recovery of phenolics that supports its potential uses in the nutra-pharamaceutical industry.

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Effect of Cellulase and Tannase Enzymes Supplemention on the Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes Fed Diets Contain Date Palm Fronds

Asian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.3923/ajas.2016.307.312 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. M. Abd El ◽

M. S.A. Khatt ◽

H. M. El-Zaia ◽

O. H. Matloup ◽

A.A. Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Date Palm ◽

Productive Performance ◽

Lactating Buffaloes ◽

Palm Fronds

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Effects of feeding ensiled date palm fronds and a by-product concentrate on performance and meat quality of Omani sheep

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.011 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 135 (3-4) ◽

pp. 210-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Osman Mahgoub ◽

Isam T. Kadim ◽

Musab H. Al-Busaidi ◽

Kanthi Annamalai ◽

Naseeb M. Al-Saqri

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Date Palm ◽

Palm Fronds

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Characterisation of Drawing Papers for Borko Lazeski’s Cartoons (1951–56)

Restaurator International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material ◽

10.1515/res-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 157-183

Author(s):

Maja Kostadinovska

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Chemical Nature ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Mural Painting ◽

Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Different Types ◽

Informed Treatment ◽

Acidic Conditions ◽

Spot Tests ◽

High Lignin Content

Abstract This paper presents a study of the drawing papers from Borko Lazeski’s cartoons for a mural painting. The collection is comprised of more than 20 single pieces (170×500 cm) executed in charcoal, pencil, pastel, tempera and ink. The cartoons exhibit different types of damages, such as grease stains, moisture stains, cracks, flaking paint, areas of loss caused by insects and mould stains. The study included spot tests, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy to characterise the artist’s papers. They were found to be a type of paper composed of partly bleached, neutral sulphite semi-chemical (NSSC) wood pulp originating from coniferous trees (softwood) with the occasional use of abaca fibres. The laboratory tests revealed slightly acidic conditions (pH=5.01–6.52), high lignin content (>5 %) and alum-rosin sizing. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed all findings of the spot tests. Micro-Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of gypsum in the papers. The study addresses conservation issues arising from the chemical nature of the paper support and highlights the need for an extended study in order to be able to make informed treatment choices.

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