scholarly journals Prevalence of laboratory markers of human respiratory viruses in monkeys of Adler primate center

2022 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-433
Author(s):  
L. I. Korzaya ◽  
D. I. Dogadov ◽  
A. M. Goncharenko ◽  
A. A. Karlsen ◽  
K. K. Kyuregyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Anubis Baboons ◽  
Type 3

Introduction. The relevance of studying the circulation of human respiratory viruses among laboratory primates is associated with the need to test vaccines and antiviral drugs against these infections on monkeys.The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of serological and molecular markers of human respiratory viral infections in laboratory primates born at the Adler Primate Center and in imported monkeys.Material and methods. Blood serum samples (n = 1971) and lung autopsy material (n = 26) were obtained from different monkey species. These samples were tested for the presence of serological markers of measles, parainfluenza (PI) types 1, 2, 3, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial (RS) and adenovirus infections using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Detection of RS virus, metapneumovirus, PI virus types 1–4, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and adenoviruses B, C, E and bocavirus nucleic acids in this material was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results and discussion. The overall prevalence of antibodies (Abs) among all monkeys was low and amounted 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2–13.7%, n = 811) for measles virus, 8.9% (95% CI: 6.2–12.2%, n = 381) for PI type 3 virus, 2.5% (95% CI: 0.8–5.6%, n = 204) for PI type 1 virus, and 7.7% (95% CI: 3.8–13.7%, n = 130) for adenoviruses. When testing 26 autopsy lung samples from monkeys of different species that died from pneumonia, 2 samples from Anubis baboons (Papio аnubis) were positive for of parainfluenza virus type 3 RNA.Conclusion. Our data suggest the importance of the strict adherence to the terms of quarantine and mandatory testing of monkey sera for the presence of IgM antibodies to the measles virus that indicate the recent infection. The role of PI virus type 3 in the pathology of the respiratory tract in Anubis baboons has been established.

The comparative biochemistry of viruses and humans: an evolutionary path towards autoimmunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Archaeal Ancestor ◽  
Borna Disease

Abstract Analyses of the peptide sharing between five common human viruses (Borna disease virus, influenza A virus, measles virus, mumps virus and rubella virus) and the human proteome highlight a massive viral vs. human peptide overlap that is mathematically unexpected. Evolutionarily, the data underscore a strict relationship between viruses and the origin of eukaryotic cells. Indeed, according to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis and in light of the endosymbiotic theory, the first eukaryotic cell (our lineage) originated as a consortium consisting of an archaeal ancestor of the eukaryotic cytoplasm, a bacterial ancestor of the mitochondria and a viral ancestor of the nucleus. From a pathologic point of view, the peptide sequence similarity between viruses and humans may provide a molecular platform for autoimmune crossreactions during immune responses following viral infections/immunizations.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Sequencing To Detect Respiratory Viruses in Persons under Investigation for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. e02142-20
Author(s):  
Ahmed Babiker ◽  
Heath L. Bradley ◽  
Victoria D. Stittleburg ◽  
Jessica M. Ingersoll ◽  
Autum Key ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Human Metapneumovirus ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Testing Algorithms ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACTBroad testing for respiratory viruses among persons under investigation (PUIs) for SARS-CoV-2 has been performed inconsistently, limiting our understanding of alternative viral infections and coinfections in these patients. RNA metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) offers an agnostic tool for the detection of both SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA respiratory viruses in PUIs. Here, we used RNA mNGS to assess the frequencies of alternative viral infections in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-negative PUIs (n = 30) and viral coinfections in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive PUIs (n = 45). mNGS identified all viruses detected by routine clinical testing (influenza A [n = 3], human metapneumovirus [n = 2], and human coronavirus OC43 [n = 2], and human coronavirus HKU1 [n = 1]). mNGS also identified both coinfections (1, 2.2%) and alternative viral infections (4, 13.3%) that were not detected by routine clinical workup (respiratory syncytial virus [n = 3], human metapneumovirus [n = 1], and human coronavirus NL63 [n = 1]). Among SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive PUIs, lower cycle threshold (CT) values correlated with greater SARS-CoV-2 read recovery by mNGS (R2, 0.65; P < 0.001). Our results suggest that current broad-spectrum molecular testing algorithms identify most respiratory viral infections among SARS-CoV-2 PUIs, when available and implemented consistently.

scholarly journals Burden of respiratory viral infections among inmates of a Ghanaian prison

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustina Sylverken ◽  
Philip El-Duah ◽  
Michael Owusu ◽  
Richmond Yeboah ◽  
Alexander Kwarteng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Regional Capital

Abstract Respiratory viral infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Information on circulating respiratory viruses among prisoners is lacking, although this is of public health importance and knowledge would assist in putting in place preventive measures to forestall disease outbreaks. The aim of this study therefore was to get the footprint of such diseases that have epidemic potential to be described and quantified for control. Prisoners on remand numbering 203 in a prison in Kumasi, the Ashanti Regional capital, were interviewed using prevalidated questionnaire, nasopharyngeal samples taken and screened by real-time PCR for common respiratory viruses in February, 2018. Of the total number of 203 participants enrolled, majority were males (n = 198, 97.54%). The modal age unsurprisingly was in the active working class of 18 to 35 years (n = 155, 76.36%) with 48 (23.65%) of participants older than 35 years. Inmates reported nasal congestion (n = 83, 40.89%), cough with or without pharyngitis (n =108, 53.20%) and fever (n = 74, 39.48%). Viruses detected in throat samples were Influenza A (n = 1, 0.49%) and Rhinovirus (n = 8, 3.94%). There was no statistically significant association between respiratory virus positivity and age (p = 0.118), gender (p > 0.900), duration of incarceration (p = 0.239) and reported symptoms (p = 0.724). The prison population may have a lower prevalence of respiratory viruses circulating in them. This may be dominated by those with high antigenic diversity.

scholarly journals Pharmacoepidemiological study of the course of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections in risk groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Bulgakova ◽  
A A Poromov ◽  
A I Grekova ◽  
N Yu Pshenichnaya ◽  
E P Selkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Chronic Somatic Diseases ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Aim. To identify risk factors (RFs) for the development of bacterial complications and the prolonged course of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) among inpatients treated in Russian healthcare facilities in the post-pandemic period; to determine the clinical presentation of the disease (flu-like syndrome) in risk-group people and to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral therapy with arbidol (umifenovir). Materials and methods. The investigators retrospectively analyzed randomly selected medical records of inpatients with influenza and other ARVI in 88 hospitals from 50 regions of the Russian Federation: those of 3532 and 1755 patients in the 2010-2011 and 2014-2015 seasons, respectively, by applying parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Results. The built database of patients with influenza-like syndrome contained data from the histories of 2072 men and 2537 women, of whom there were 317 (12.49%) pregnant women; gender evidence was not given in the medical records for 678 patients. 382 (7.2%) were vaccinated against influenza. 1528 (28.9%) people were admitted to hospital with various complications. Information on laboratory tests was available in 1691 (31.98%) patients; of these, 1291 (76.4%) were detected to have influenza and other respiratory viruses. Influenza viruses were found in 1026 (60.7%) examinees; influenza A viruses in 712 (42.1%) people while pandemic strain of swine influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses was detected in 487 (28.8%) and 107 (6.3%) patients, respectively; influenza A subtype was indicated in 118 (7%) persons with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus. Influenza B viruses were found in 314 (18.6%) examinees. Other types of respiratory viruses were detected in 265 (15.7%) patients. The body mass index exceeded 30 kg/m2 in 227 (4.3%) patients. Single-factor analysis of variance revealed factors influencing the course of flu-like syndrome and identified risk groups: children younger than 2 years old and adults over 65, pregnant women, and people with chronic somatic diseases and obesity. The high-risk groups exhibited a more severe course of flu-like syndrome than did the patients outside the risk groups. The incidence of complications was higher, especially in the under 2-year-year-old children and in patients with endocrine, metabolic, or respiratory diseases, with a large proportion of complications being pneumonia. The efficacy of antiviral therapy was higher in the elderly, patients with chronic diseases, and pregnant women than in patients not at risk. In patients treated with umifenovir (provided that it was administered in the first 48 hours after disease onset), the duration of fever and frequency of complications proved to be lower than those in patients who did not receive antiviral therapy. Conclusion. The FRs for influenza and ARVI complications are patient’s age (children under 3 years of age and adults older than 65 years), the presence of chronic somatic diseases, and pregnancy. Patients with endocrine, eating, metabolic (including obesity), circulatory, and respiratory disorders are at high risk for influenza and ARVI complications. Umifenovir therapy substantially reduces the duration of fever and risk of complications, especially in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection

scholarly journals Attenuation of Influenza A Virus Disease Severity by Viral Coinfection in a Mouse Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres J. Gonzalez ◽  
Emmanuel C. Ijezie ◽  
Onesmo B. Balemba ◽  
Tanya A. Miura
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Viral Coinfection ◽  
Murine Coronavirus

ABSTRACTInfluenza viruses and rhinoviruses are responsible for a large number of acute respiratory viral infections in human populations and are detected as copathogens within hosts. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that coinfection by rhinovirus and influenza virus may reduce disease severity and that they may also interfere with each other’s spread within a host population. To determine how coinfection by these two unrelated respiratory viruses affects pathogenesis, we established a mouse model using a minor serogroup rhinovirus (rhinovirus strain 1B [RV1B]) and mouse-adapted influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [PR8]). Infection of mice with RV1B 2 days before PR8 reduced the severity of infection by a low or medium, but not high, dose of PR8. Disease attenuation was associated with an early inflammatory response in the lungs and enhanced clearance of PR8. However, coinfection by RV1B did not reduce PR8 viral loads early in infection or inhibit replication of PR8 within respiratory epithelia orin vitro. Inflammation in coinfected mice remained focal compared to diffuse inflammation and damage in the lungs of mice infected by PR8. The timing of RV1B coinfection was a critical determinant of protection, suggesting that sufficient time is needed to induce this response. Finally, disease attenuation was not unique to RV1B: dose-dependent coinfection by a murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 [MHV-1]) also reduced the severity of PR8 infection. Unlike RV1B, coinfection with MHV-1 reduced early PR8 replication, which was associated with upregulation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. This model is critical for understanding the mechanisms responsible for influenza disease attenuation during coinfection by unrelated respiratory viruses.IMPORTANCEViral infections in the respiratory tract can cause severe disease and are responsible for a majority of pediatric hospitalizations. Molecular diagnostics have revealed that approximately 20% of these patients are infected by more than one unrelated viral pathogen. To understand how viral coinfection affects disease severity, we inoculated mice with a mild viral pathogen (rhinovirus or murine coronavirus), followed 2 days later by a virulent viral pathogen (influenza A virus). This model demonstrated that rhinovirus can reduce the severity of influenza A virus, which corresponded with an early but controlled inflammatory response in the lungs and early clearance of influenza A virus. We further determined the dose and timing parameters that were important for effective disease attenuation and showed that influenza disease is also reduced by coinfection with a murine coronavirus. These findings demonstrate that coinfecting viruses can alter immune responses and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.

scholarly journals A Chimeric Human-Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Expressing Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Is Attenuated for Replication but Is Still Immunogenic in Rhesus Monkeys

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10498-10504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario H. Skiadopoulos ◽  
Sonja R. Surman ◽  
Jeffrey M. Riggs ◽  
Peter L. Collins ◽  
Brian R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT The chimeric recombinant virus rHPIV3-NB, a version of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) that is attenuated due to the presence of the bovine PIV3 nucleocapsid (N) protein open reading frame (ORF) in place of the HPIV3 ORF, was modified to encode the measles virus hemagglutinin (HA) inserted as an additional, supernumerary gene between the HPIV3 P and M genes. This recombinant, designated rHPIV3-NBHA, replicated like its attenuated rHPIV3-NB parent virus in vitro and in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of rhesus monkeys, indicating that the insertion of the measles virus HA did not further attenuate rHPIV3-NB in vitro or in vivo. Monkeys immunized with rHPIV3-NBHA developed a vigorous immune response to both measles virus and HPIV3, with serum antibody titers to both measles virus (neutralizing antibody) and HPIV3 (hemagglutination inhibiting antibody) of over 1:500. An attenuated HPIV3 expressing a major protective antigen of measles virus provides a method for immunization against measles by the intranasal route, a route that has been shown with HPIV3 and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines to be relatively refractory to the neutralizing and immunosuppressive effects of maternally derived virus-specific serum antibodies. It should now be possible to induce a protective immune response against measles virus in 6-month-old infants, an age group that in developing areas of the world is not responsive to the current measles virus vaccine.

scholarly journals Respiratory Viruses and Torque Teno Virus in Adults with Acute Respiratory Infections

Intervirology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afiono Agung Prasetyo ◽  
Martinus Nuherwan Desyardi ◽  
Jimmy Tanamas ◽  
Suradi ◽  
Reviono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asthma Exacerbation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Torque Teno Virus ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B

Objective: To define the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in adult patients. Methods: Nasal and throat swabs were collected from all adult patients with influenza-like illness (ILI), acute respiratory infection (ARI), or severe ARI (SARI) admitted to a tertiary hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia, between March 2010 and April 2011 and analyzed for 19 respiratory viruses and for torque teno virus (TTV) and human gyrovirus (HGyV). Results: Respiratory viruses were detected in 61.3% of the subjects, most of whom had ARI (90.8%, OR = 11.39), were hospitalized (96.9%, OR = 22.31), had asthma exacerbation (90.9%, OR = 8.67), and/or had pneumonia (80%, OR = 4.0). Human rhinovirus (HRV) A43 predominated. Influenza A H3N2, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) subtypes A1 and A2, the influenza B virus, human adenovirus B, and human coronavirus OC43 were also detected. All respiratory viruses were detected in the transition month between the rainy and dry seasons. No mixed respiratory virus infection was found. Coinfections of the influenza A H3N2 virus with TTV, HMPV with TTV, HRV with TTV, and human parainfluenza virus-3 with TTV were found in 4.7, 2.8, 19.8, and 0.9% of the samples, respectively. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to perform routine detection of respiratory viruses in adults hospitalized with ARI, asthma exacerbation, and/or pneumonia.

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