The comparative biochemistry of viruses and humans: an evolutionary path towards autoimmunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Archaeal Ancestor ◽  
Borna Disease

Abstract Analyses of the peptide sharing between five common human viruses (Borna disease virus, influenza A virus, measles virus, mumps virus and rubella virus) and the human proteome highlight a massive viral vs. human peptide overlap that is mathematically unexpected. Evolutionarily, the data underscore a strict relationship between viruses and the origin of eukaryotic cells. Indeed, according to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis and in light of the endosymbiotic theory, the first eukaryotic cell (our lineage) originated as a consortium consisting of an archaeal ancestor of the eukaryotic cytoplasm, a bacterial ancestor of the mitochondria and a viral ancestor of the nucleus. From a pathologic point of view, the peptide sequence similarity between viruses and humans may provide a molecular platform for autoimmune crossreactions during immune responses following viral infections/immunizations.

ABC of viral infections in hematology: focus on herpesviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Styczyński
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractViruses are a form of life that possess genes but do not have a cellular structure. Viruses do not have their own metabolism, and they require a host cell to make new products; therefore, they cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell. The objective of this paper is to present the basic practical clinical roles of viruses in patients with hematological diseases including malignancies and non-malignan- cies, as well as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), with the focus on herpesviruses causing latent infections in severely immunocompromised patients. From the hematologist point of view, viruses can play a major role in four conditions: causing infections; causing lymphoproliferations and/or malignancies; causing (pan)cytopenia; and used as vectors in treatment (e.g., gene therapy, CAR-T cells). Taking into account the role of viruses in hematology, infection is the most frequent condition. Among DNA viruses, the highest morbidity potential for human is expressed by Herpesviridiae (herpesviruses), Adenoviridae (adenovirus; ADV), Polyomavirus (BKV, JCV), and Bocavirus. RNA viruses can play a role in pathogenesis of different clinical conditions and diseases: lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancy, possibly causing NHL, AML, MDS, and others (HCV, HIV, and others); pancytopenia and aplastic anemia (HIV, HCV, Dengue virus); respiratory infections (community-acquired respiratory virus infections; CARV) caused by Orthomyxoviruses (e.g. influenza A/B), Paramyxoviruses (e.g. human parainfluenza virus PIV-1, -2, -3, and -4; respiratory syncytial virus RSV-A and -B), picornaviruses (e.g., human rhinovirus), coronaviruses (e.g., human coronavirus), Pneumoviridiae (e.g., human metapneumovirus), and potentially other viruses.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analyses Implicate Endogenous Retroviruses Involved in the Host Antiviral Immune System through the Interferon Pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Liying Wang ◽  
Haizhou Liu ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Di Liu
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response

AbstractHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remains of ancient retroviruses that invaded our ancestors’ germline cell and were integrated into the genome. The expression of HERVs has always been a cause for concern because of its association with various cancers and diseases. However, few previous studies have focused on specific activation of HERVs by viral infections. Our previous study has shown that dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection induces the transcription of a large number of abnormal HERVs loci; therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between exogenous viral infection and HERV activation further. In this study, we retrieved and reanalyzed published data on 21 transcriptomes of human cells infected with various viruses. We found that infection with different viruses could induce transcriptional activation of HERV loci. Through the comparative analysis of all viral datasets, we identified 43 key HERV loci that were up-regulated by DENV-2, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, Zika virus, measles virus, and West Nile virus infections. Furthermore, the neighboring genes of these HERVs were simultaneously up-regulated, and almost all such neighboring genes were interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are enriched in the host’s antiviral immune response pathways. Our data supported the hypothesis that activation of HERVs, probably via an interferon-mediated mechanism, plays an important role in innate immunity against viral infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence of laboratory markers of human respiratory viruses in monkeys of Adler primate center

2022 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-433
Author(s):  
L. I. Korzaya ◽  
D. I. Dogadov ◽  
A. M. Goncharenko ◽  
A. A. Karlsen ◽  
K. K. Kyuregyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Anubis Baboons ◽  
Type 3

Introduction. The relevance of studying the circulation of human respiratory viruses among laboratory primates is associated with the need to test vaccines and antiviral drugs against these infections on monkeys.The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of serological and molecular markers of human respiratory viral infections in laboratory primates born at the Adler Primate Center and in imported monkeys.Material and methods. Blood serum samples (n = 1971) and lung autopsy material (n = 26) were obtained from different monkey species. These samples were tested for the presence of serological markers of measles, parainfluenza (PI) types 1, 2, 3, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial (RS) and adenovirus infections using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Detection of RS virus, metapneumovirus, PI virus types 1–4, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and adenoviruses B, C, E and bocavirus nucleic acids in this material was performed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results and discussion. The overall prevalence of antibodies (Abs) among all monkeys was low and amounted 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2–13.7%, n = 811) for measles virus, 8.9% (95% CI: 6.2–12.2%, n = 381) for PI type 3 virus, 2.5% (95% CI: 0.8–5.6%, n = 204) for PI type 1 virus, and 7.7% (95% CI: 3.8–13.7%, n = 130) for adenoviruses. When testing 26 autopsy lung samples from monkeys of different species that died from pneumonia, 2 samples from Anubis baboons (Papio аnubis) were positive for of parainfluenza virus type 3 RNA.Conclusion. Our data suggest the importance of the strict adherence to the terms of quarantine and mandatory testing of monkey sera for the presence of IgM antibodies to the measles virus that indicate the recent infection. The role of PI virus type 3 in the pathology of the respiratory tract in Anubis baboons has been established.

scholarly journals The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elita Avota ◽  
Jochen Bodem ◽  
Janice Chithelen ◽  
Putri Mandasari ◽  
Niklas Beyersdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Assembly ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Endosomal Membranes

Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism – as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms – may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.

scholarly journals Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Francesco Menzella ◽  
Giulia Ghidoni ◽  
Carla Galeone ◽  
Silvia Capobelli ◽  
Chiara Scelfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Increased Risk

Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don’t have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.

scholarly journals Capturing Enveloped Viruses on Affinity Grids for Downstream Cryo-Electron Microscopy Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Kiss ◽  
Xuemin Chen ◽  
Melinda A. Brindley ◽  
Patricia Campbell ◽  
Claudio L. Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virus

AbstractElectron microscopy (EM), cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are essential techniques used for characterizing basic virus morphology and determining the three-dimensional structure of viruses. Enveloped viruses, which contain an outer lipoprotein coat, constitute the largest group of pathogenic viruses to humans. The purification of enveloped viruses from cell culture presents certain challenges. Specifically, the inclusion of host-membrane-derived vesicles, the complete destruction of the viruses, and the disruption of the internal architecture of individual virus particles. Here, we present a strategy for capturing enveloped viruses on affinity grids (AG) for use in both conventional EM and cryo-EM/ET applications. We examined the utility of AG for the selective capture of human immunodeficiency virus virus-like particles, influenza A, and measles virus. We applied nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid lipid layers in combination with molecular adaptors to selectively adhere the viruses to the AG surface. This further development of the AG method may prove essential for the gentle and selective purification of enveloped viruses directly onto EM grids for ultrastructural analyses.

Serological surveillance of H5 and H9 avian influenza A viral infections among pigs in southern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoxia Yuan ◽  
Wanjun Zhu ◽  
Ye Chen ◽  
Pei Zhou ◽  
Zhenpeng Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Serological Surveillance

Acute Pharyngitis: Etiology and Diagnosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-954
Author(s):  
Alan L. Bisno
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Acute Pharyngitis ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

Acute pharyngitis may be caused by a wide variety of microbial agents (Table 1). The relative importance of each of these agents varies greatly depending on a number of epidemiologic factors, including age of the patient, season of the year, and geographic locale. Viruses Most cases of acute pharyngitis are viral in etiology and involve the pharynx as well as other portions of the respiratory tract as manifestations of the common cold, influenza, or croup. Examples include the rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza A and B, and the parainfluenza viruses. Certain viral infections causing sore throat may exhibit clinical manifestations that are rather distinctive. Examples include enteroviruses (herpangina due to Coxsackie A), Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus mononucleosis), adenovirus (pharyngoconjunctival fever, acute respiratory disease of military recruits), and herpes simplex virus (pharyngitis, gingivitis, and stomatitis). In many instances, however, the illnesses caused by these agents may overlap so broadly with that of streptococcal pharyngitis as to be clinically indistinguishable. Thus, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, and herpes virus may all cause fever, exudative pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. Several studies have documented the role of primary herpesvirus type 1 infection as a cause of acute pharyngitis in college students.1-4 Herpesvirus type 2 can occasionally cause a similar illness as a consequence of oral-genital sexual contact.5 Although herpesvirus infections may involve the anterior oral cavity (vesicular or ulcerative gingivostomatitis) as well as the posterior pharynx, they do not routinely do so. Only about one-fourth of students with culturally and serologically proven primary herpes simplex type 1 pharyngitis studied by Glezen et al,2 for example, had gingivostomatitis.

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

scholarly journals Rash after measles vaccination: laboratory analysis of cases reported in São Paulo, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I Oliveira ◽  
Suely P Curti ◽  
Cristina A Figueiredo ◽  
Ana MS Afonso ◽  
Márcia Theobaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Etiological Diagnosis ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Clinical Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

OBJECTIVE: The clinical differential diagnosis of rash due to viral infections is often difficult, and misdiagnosis is not rare, especially after the introduction of measles and rubella vaccination. A study to determine the etiological diagnosis of exanthema was carried out in a group of children after measles vaccination. METHODS: Sera collected from children with rash who received measles vaccine were reported in 1999. They were analyzed for IgM antibodies against measles virus, rubella virus, human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) using ELISA commercial techniques, and human herpes virus 6 (HHV 6) using immunofluorescence commercial technique. Viremia for each of those viruses was tested using a polimerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A total of 17 cases of children with exanthema after measles immunization were reported in 1999. The children, aged 9 to 12 months (median 10 months), had a blood sample taken for laboratory analysis. The time between vaccination and the first rash signs varied from 1 to 60 days. The serological results of those 17 children suspected of measles or rubella infection showed the following etiological diagnosis: 17.6% (3 in 17) HPV B19 infection; 76.5% (13 in 17) HHV 6 infection; 5.9% (1 in 17) rash due to measles vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The study data indicate that infection due to HPV B19 or HHV 6 can be misdiagnosed as exanthema due to measles vaccination. Therefore, it is important to better characterize the etiology of rash in order to avoid attributing it incorrectly to measles vaccine.

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