Pathogenesis of extrapulmonary organ damage in SARS-CоV-2 coronavirus infection (analytical review)

Over the past two decades, coronavirus infection has caused two major pandemics: SARS in 2002 and acute respiratory syndrome (MERS) in the Middle East in 2012. In December 2019, the novel coronavirus (CV) SARS-CoV-2 caused an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) have confirmed the risk of this disease for the public health of the entire planet. SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from epithelial cells of the human respiratory tract. It was found that the genotype KB SARS-CoV-2 is closer to bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, and the spike glycoprotein (SB) of the virus, which determines the ability to bind to the cellular receptor, is similar to the SARS-CoV coronavirus, which is responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS / SARS) in 2002]. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an endogenous spike protein (spike glycoprotein with the S-domain) SARS-CoV-2, which, as part of the ACE2 + SARS-CoV-2 complex, binds to the ACE2 receptor located on the target cell membrane. The article discusses the mechanisms of infection with SARS-CoV-2, cell-cell interactions, and transmission routes. The issues of the epidemiology of COVID-19 and the prospects for the involvement of organs and systems other than the respiratory one in maintaining the viral load are covered in detail. The problems of the immune defense of the human body during infection with SARS-CoV-2 have been identified. Clinical parallels with progenitor viruses, namely SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, have been drawn. Highlighted risk factors for SARSCoV-2 infection, which make it possible to predict the nature of the course and probable outcomes of COVID-19.

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An evidence-based systematic review on emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies to treat novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during an outbreak scenario

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Anupama M. Gudadappanavar ◽

Jyoti Benni

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Drug ◽

Drug Repurposing ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

World Health ◽

Recombinant Vaccines ◽

Subunit Vaccines ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Full Length Genome

AbstractA novel coronavirus infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, in December 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated from bats in the local wet markets. Later, animal to human and human-to-human transmission of the virus began and resulting in widespread respiratory illness worldwide to around more than 180 countries. The World Health Organization declared this disease as a pandemic in March 2020. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. Nevertheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been studied against COVID-19 in clinical trials with clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize the morphology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. A strong rational groundwork was made keeping the focus on current development of therapeutic agents and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Among the proposed therapeutic regimen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdisevir, azithromycin, toclizumab and cromostat mesylate have shown promising results, and limited benefit was seen with lopinavir–ritonavir treatment in hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. Early development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine started based on the full-length genome analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Several subunit vaccines, peptides, nucleic acids, plant-derived, recombinant vaccines are under pipeline. This article concludes and highlights ongoing advances in drug repurposing, therapeutics and vaccines to counter COVID-19, which collectively could enable efforts to halt the pandemic virus infection.

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Possibility of breastfeeding support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of world and Russian protocols

Voprosy detskoj dietologii ◽

10.20953/1727-5784-2020-4-5-16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 5-16

Author(s):

O.L. Lukoyanova ◽

◽

T.E. Borovik ◽

A.P. Fisenko ◽

V.A. Skvortsova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

World Health ◽

Breastfeeding Support ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Milk Bank ◽

Expressed Breast Milk ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Current Guidelines

The review analyses the available literature on the main principles of breastfeeding support in cases of confirmed/suspected novel coronavirus infection in breastfeeding mothers. Various approaches to management of mother and baby in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic have been studied that found reflection in the protocols of the World Health Organization, Chinese, American and European medical communities. The evolution of Russian recommendations is analysed. A rationale is offered for the current guidelines on temporary mother-child separation in the healthcare settings when maternal COVID-19 is suspected/confirmed and on the organization of infant feeding with expressed maternal milk. The literature on the nutritional and biological value and the safety of expressed breast milk stored in various conditions is reviewed. Practical advice is given on organization of an individual breast milk bank at home. Key words: breastfeeding, breast milk, individual milk bank, coronavirus infection, newborns, COVID-19 pandemic, breast milk expression

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Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v13i2.2572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 760-765

Author(s):

Anamika Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Age Groups ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

The Common ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

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Invasive aspergillosis associated with COVID-19

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-5-671-676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 671-676

Author(s):

Nikolay V. Ovsyannikov ◽

Olga A. Bilevich ◽

Lyudmila A. Zenkova ◽

Olga V. Vasilieva

Keyword(s):

Invasive Aspergillosis ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽

World Health ◽

Medical Community ◽

The Novel ◽

Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic announced by the World Health Organization in March 2020 has brought new tasks to the medical community that require immediate solutions. Recent studies have shown that invasive aspergillosis associated with coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19 often aggravates the course of the disease and leads to death. The article presents a clinical case of acute invasive aspergillosis in a COVID-19 patient with chronic somatic pathology but no risk factors for developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The disease was progressing rapidly and led to a fatal outcome.Conclusion. In the case presented, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed with the help of histological examination of autopsy material.

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Risk of long QT syndrome in novel coronavirus COVID-19

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj2020-749 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 101 (5) ◽

pp. 749-753

Author(s):

V N Oslopov ◽

J V Oslopova ◽

E V Hazova ◽

K S Sergienko ◽

A F Murzakhanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qt Interval ◽

Steering Committee ◽

World Health ◽

Experimental Therapy ◽

The World ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Qt Syndrome ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The article is devoted to the risk of cardiovascular disease in coronavirus infection. In March 2020, the World Health Organization announced the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus set many tasks for practicing doctors, including the study of its pathogenesis and the creation of a therapy suitable for all patient groups. This paper presents information about cellular entry of the coronavirus, the development of cardiovascular diseases, in particular, the heart, and the latest data on experimental therapy with hydroxychloroquine. Coronavirus has been shown to affect the synthesis of angiotensin 2, which increase the QT interval. At the same time, the combination therapy using chloroquine and azithromycin caused a critical prolongation of the QT interval in some cases. On 4 July 2020, WHO accepted the Solidarity Trials International Steering Committee recommendation has stop the trial of these drugs. Cardiologists should review the latest information on the effects of coronavirus on the cardiovascular system and based on this, make recommendations the management and treatment of severe patients.

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Discovery of Aptamers Targeting Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

10.26434/chemrxiv.12053535 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yanling Song ◽

Jia Song ◽

Xinyu Wei ◽

Mengjiao Huang ◽

Miao Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health ◽

Selection Strategy ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Screening Algorithm ◽

Targeted Treatments ◽

Depth Study ◽

Interaction Modeling ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) as a global pandemic. However, the mechanisms behind the coronavirus infection are not yet fully understood, nor are there any targeted treatments or vaccines. In this study, we identified high-binding-affinity aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD, using an ACE2 competition-based aptamer selection strategy and a machine learning screening algorithm. The K<sub>d</sub> values of the optimized CoV2-RBD-1C and <a>CoV2-RBD-</a>4C aptamers against RBD were 5.8 nM and 19.9 nM, respectively. Simulated interaction modeling, along with competitive with experiments, suggests that two aptamers may have partially identical binding sites at ACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 RBD. These aptamers present an opportunity for generating new probes for recognition of SARS-CoV-2, and could provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 while providing a new tool for in-depth study of the mechanisms behind the coronavirus infection.

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Pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with coronavirus infection COVID-19, clinical examples

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-715-722 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 715-722

Author(s):

N. N. Meshcheryakova ◽

A. S. Belevskiy ◽

A. V. Kuleshov

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

International Committee ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

The City

At the end of 2019, an outbreak of a new coronavirus infection was identified in the People’s Republic of China centerd in the city of Wuhan. The official name COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) was assigned to the infection caused by the novel coronavirus by the World Health Organization on February 11, 2020. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses assigned the name to the causative agent of the infection – SARS-CoV-2 on February 11, 2020. The bilateral pneumonia is currently known to be the most common clinical manifestation of the variant of coronavirus infection. The development of acute respiratory distress syndrome was found in 3 – 4% of patients. As a result of pneumonia, patients develop ventilation and perfusion disorders, weakness of skeletal muscles. To recover patients after viral pneumonia, methods of pulmonary rehabilitation should be applied. This article represents the methods of pulmonary rehabilitation aimed to improve the blood circulation in the lungs, the ventilation-perfusion ratios, and to the restoration of the skeletal muscles.

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Mathematical modeling and assessment of barrier measures and temperature on the transmission and persistence of Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

International Journal of Biomathematics ◽

10.1142/s1793524521500959 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ezekiel Dangbé ◽

Antoine Perasso ◽

Damakoa Irépran

Keyword(s):

World Health ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Autonomous Case ◽

The World ◽

Influence Of Temperature On ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

In December 2019, human cases of novel coronavirus infection were detected in Wuhan, China which have been named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since COVID-19 was first detected in China, the virus has reached more than 120 countries and was declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 by the WHO. In this paper, we have highlighted the influence of temperature on the spread of COVID-19. For this, the dynamic transmission of COVID-19 is modeled taking into account the influence of the temperature on the persistence of coronavirus in the environment. We also took into account the impact of proportion of people who respect the barrier measures published by the WHO on the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking into account the influence of the temperature on the persistence of the virus in the environment, the dynamic transmission has been described by a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). First, we analyzed the solutions of system in the case where the impact of the temperature on the virus is neglected. Second, we carried out the mathematical analysis of the solutions of the system in the non-autonomous case. Mathematical analyzes have enabled us to establish that the temperature and proportion of persons who respect the barrier rules can affect the spread of COVID-19. Some numerical simulations have been proposed to illustrate the behavior of the pandemic in some countries.

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Discovery of Aptamers Targeting Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

10.26434/chemrxiv.12053535.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yanling Song ◽

Jia Song ◽

Xinyu Wei ◽

Mengjiao Huang ◽

Miao Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health ◽

Selection Strategy ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Screening Algorithm ◽

Targeted Treatments ◽

Depth Study ◽

Interaction Modeling ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) as a global pandemic. However, the mechanisms behind the coronavirus infection are not yet fully understand, nor are there any targeted treatments or vaccines. In this study, we identified high-binding-affinity aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD, using an ACE2 competition-based aptamer selection strategy and a machine learning screening algorithm. The K<sub>d</sub> values of the optimized CoV2-RBD-1C and <a>CoV2-RBD-</a>4C aptamers against RBD were 5.8 nM and 19.9 nM, respectively. Simulated interaction modeling, along with competitive with experiments, suggests that two aptamers may have partially identical binding sites at ACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 RBD. These aptamers present an opportunity for generating new probes for recognition of SARS-CoV-2, and could provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 while providing a new tool for in-depth study of the mechanisms behind the coronavirus infection.

Download Full-text