scholarly journals Zipf’s law in Toki Pona

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Skotarek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Statistical Regularity ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Frequency Table ◽  
Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽  
Parallel Texts

Zipf’s Law states that within a given text the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table of the words used in that text. It is a statistical regularity of a power law that occurs ubiquitously in language – so far every language that has been tested was found to display the Zipfian distribution. Toki Pona is an experimental artificial language spoken by hundreds of users. It is extremely minimalistic – its vocabulary consists of mere 120 words. A comparative statistical analysis of two parallel texts in French and Toki Pona showed that even a language of such scarce vocabulary adheres to Zipf’s Law just like natural languages.

scholarly journals ZIPF'S LAW AND RANDOM TEXTS

2002 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMON FERRER i CANCHO ◽  
RICARD V. SOLÉ
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Word Length ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
A Priori Information ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Priori Information ◽  
Random Text

Random-text models have been proposed as an explanation for the power law relationship between word frequency and rank, the so-called Zipf's law. They are generally regarded as null hypotheses rather than models in the strict sense. In this context, recent theories of language emergence and evolution assume this law as a priori information with no need of explanation. Here, random texts and real texts are compared through (a) the so-called lexical spectrum and (b) the distribution of words having the same length. It is shown that real texts fill the lexical spectrum much more efficiently and regardless of the word length, suggesting that the meaningfulness of Zipf's law is high.

The logarithmic Zipf law in a general urn problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 275-293
Author(s):  
Aristides V. Doumas ◽  
Vassilis G. Papanicolaou
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
The Social ◽  
Leading Term ◽  
Zipf Law ◽  
Highly Cited

The origin of power-law behavior (also known variously as Zipf’s law) has been a topic of debate in the scientific community for more than a century. Power laws appear widely in physics, biology, earth and planetary sciences, economics and finance, computer science, demography and the social sciences. In a highly cited article, Mark Newman [Contemp. Phys. 46 (2005) 323–351] reviewed some of the empirical evidence for the existence of power-law forms, however underscored that even though many distributions do not follow a power law, quite often many of the quantities that scientists measure are close to a Zipf law, and hence are of importance. In this paper we engage a variant of Zipf’s law with a general urn problem. A collector wishes to collect m complete sets of N distinct coupons. The draws from the population are considered to be independent and identically distributed with replacement, and the probability that a type-j coupon is drawn is denoted by pj, j = 1, 2, …, N. Let Tm(N) the number of trials needed for this problem. We present the asymptotics for the expectation (five terms plus an error), the second rising moment (six terms plus an error), and the variance of Tm(N) (leading term) as N →∞, when pj = aj / ∑j=2N+1aj, where aj = (ln j)−p, p > 0. Moreover, we prove that Tm(N) (appropriately normalized) converges in distribution to a Gumbel random variable. These “log-Zipf” classes of coupon probabilities are not covered by the existing literature and the present paper comes to fill this gap. In the spirit of a recent paper of ours [ESAIM: PS 20 (2016) 367–399] we enlarge the classes for which the Dixie cup problem is solved w.r.t. its moments, variance, distribution.

scholarly journals Empirical analysis of Zipf’s law, power law, and lognormal distributions in medical discharge reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 104324
Author(s):  
Juan C Quiroz ◽  
Liliana Laranjo ◽  
Catalin Tufanaru ◽  
Ahmet Baki Kocaballi ◽  
Dana Rezazadegan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Lognormal Distributions

scholarly journals SCALING LAW FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF FLUCTUATIONS IN SHARE VOLUME

Fractals ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAISEI KAIZOJI ◽  
MASAHIDE NUKI
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Power Scaling ◽  
Trading Activity ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Tokyo Stock Exchange ◽  
Power Law Decay ◽  
Almost All

We show power-scaling behaviors for fluctuations in share volume, which no other studies have done so far. After analyzing a database of the daily transactions for all securities listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, we selected 1050 large companies that each had an unbroken series of daily trading activity from January 1975 to January 2002. We found that the cumulative distributions of daily fluctuations in share volumes can be well described by a power-law decay, and that the cumulative distributions for almost all of the companies can be characterized by an exponent within the stable Lévy domain 0 < α < 2. Furthermore, more than 35% of the cumulative distributions can be well approximated by Zipf's law, i.e. the cumulative distributions have an exponent close to unity.

Gendered Marketing of Food Supplements in Lifestyle Magazines in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Effrosyni Kotsaga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Women's Magazines ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes

Background: Marketing of food supplements in Greece in print media has not been examined and this study is the first attempt to provide a comparative statistical analysis. Methods: Lifestyle magazines that were distributed all over Greece and aimed at women and men were collected in the years 2014 and 2016. Five criteria with their subcriteria were developed and were related to the branding of the food supplements; their quality characteristics; the information given about health concerns; photographs of people who promoted food supplements and to claims of their suitability. Results: It seems that in terms of product branding, women’s magazines were more likely to be targeted. Some quality characteristics such as information about the ingredients of food supplements or information about banned substances were more likely to be seen in women’s magazines in 2016. In 2014 and 2016, not all advertisements provided information about health concerns and among those which informed readers about health concerns, differentiation in target audiences was observed. Photographs that showed people promoting food supplements as well as claims of suitability for various categories of consumers, seem to be gendered in 2014 but this trend was not strong enough in 2016. Conclusion: It can be argued that the marketing of food supplements was aggressive and gendered in 2014 and changed in 2016 with better information on public health but had retained some gendered stereotypes.

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