METHODS OF SCREENING TESTS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS COMPLICATED BY PARTIAL ABSENCE OF TEETH

Author(s):  
Наталия Александровна Полушкина ◽  
Жанна Владимировна Вечеркина ◽  
Кристина Павловна Кубышкина ◽  
Татьяна Павловна Калиниченко

Рост числа больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа в мире носит характер эпидемии. Сахарный диабет 2-го типа - это нарушение углеводного обмена, который характеризуется комбинацией резистентности к инсулину и неадекватной реакции инсулина. Степень гипергликемии при этом типе сахарного диабета достаточна, чтобы привести к функциональным и патологическим изменениям в органах-мишенях, но эта гипергликемия еще не вызывает клинических симптомов и может существовать в течение длительного периода времени до момента выявления диабета. Заболевание до определенного момента носит скрытый характер, что обусловливает позднее выявление и, соответственно, несвоевременное лечение. Это приводит к высокой частоте сосудистых осложнений, ранней инвалидизации и смертности больных. Однако, в течение этого периода, можно путём определения глюкозы плазмы натощак и после пероральной нагрузки глюкозой обнаружить нарушение углеводного обмена. Изучение гликемической изменчивости - является важным компонентом системного подхода к контролю качества и компенсации сахарного диабета. Показатели гликемии натощак и гликемии через два часа после нагрузки проводили с целью подтверждения диагноза - сахарный диабет. Уровень гликированного гемоглобина HbAIc считается золотым стандартом в оценке гликемического статуса пациентов с сахарным диабетом. Гликемический контроль - это метод диагностики сахарного диабета 2-го типа снижения риска развития осложнений диабета, с целью предотвращения, задержки, замедления или остановки развития поздних осложнений. Было доказано, что гликированный гемоглобин оказался достоверен, продемонстрировав корреляцию со средними гликемическими значениями, а также отразил среднюю концентрацию глюкозы в крови за предыдущие два-три месяца. В этой связи становится актуальным повышение качества проводимых скрининговых обследований населения по выявлению нарушений углеводного обмена. Использование теста на определение гликированного гемоглобина HbA1c представляется наиболее информативным и экономически обоснованным. Вместе с этим ключевое значение приобретает выбор способа измерения гликогемоглобина (HbA1c). Он должен быть стандартизован по референсной методике - высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии, в соответствии с результатами исследований DCCT и UKPDS The increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes in the world has the character of an epidemic. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism, which is characterized by a combination of insulin resistance and an inadequate insulin response. The degree of hyperglycemia in this type of diabetes mellitus is sufficient to lead to functional and pathological changes in target organs, but this hyperglycemia does not yet cause clinical symptoms and can exist for a long period of time until diabetes is detected. The disease is latent up to a certain point, which causes late detection and, accordingly, untimely treatment. This leads to a high frequency of vascular complications, early disability and mortality of patients. However, during this period, it is possible to detect a violation of carbohydrate metabolism by determining fasting plasma glucose and after oral glucose loading. The study of glycemic variability is an important component of a systematic approach to quality control and compensation of diabetes mellitus. Indicators of fasting glycemia and glycemia two hours after exercise were carried out to confirm the diagnosis - diabetes mellitus. The level of glycated hemoglobin HbAic is considered the gold standard in assessing the glycemic status of patients with diabetes mellitus. Glycemic control is a method of diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus, reducing the risk of developing complications of diabetes, in order to prevent, delay, slow down or stop the development of late complications. It was proved that glycated hemoglobin was reliable, demonstrating a correlation with average glycemic values, and also reflected the average concentration of glucose in the blood over the previous two to three months. In this regard, it becomes urgent to improve the quality of screening surveys of the population to identify disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. The use of a test for the determination of glycated hemoglobin HbA1c seems to be the most informative and economically justified. At the same time, the choice of the method of measuring glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) becomes of key importance. It should be standardized according to the reference method - high-performance liquid chromatography, in accordance with the results of DCCT and UKPDS studies

Author(s):  
Burak Furkan Demir ◽  
Alper Alay ◽  
Aslı Kısacık ◽  
Burak Furkan Demir ◽  
Dilek Berker ◽  
...  

Background: This study aims to investigate whether or not uric acid and bilirubin have a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in prediabetic patients. Methods: 93 patients were included in the study. These patients were diagnosed as being prediabetic using the oral glucose tolerance test, and they also had their serum uric acid and total bilirubin measured during the follow-up application (1 - 5 years). Results: 17 out of the 93 patients developed T2DM during the study period. The only significant difference between the T2DM group and the non-T2DM group was OGTT 0.min and 120.min (p=0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). Analysis of the relationship between age, sex, HbA1c, uric acid, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin levels and T2DM development showed that none of the aforementioned risk factors were related with diabetes development. In the non-T2DM group, the median total bilirubin level was only found to be higher in the baseline assessment (p=0.042). Conclusion: It was found that uric acid and bilirubin had no effect on the development of diabetes in the 1-5-year follow-up of prediabetic patients. Randomized-controlled studies of a larger number of patients and sufficient follow-up time are required to provide clearer data on this topic.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Seo Yoon ◽  
Cheol Hwan So ◽  
Hae Sang Lee ◽  
Jin Soon Hwang

Abstract Background: The diagnostic cutoff points for indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population have not been defined thus far. Methods: A retrospective, single-center study was conducted from April 2003 to May 2016. We enrolled 236 overweight or obese children and adolescents aged 4–17 years. Thirty-nine (26.9%) of 145 patients had T2DM according to the oral glucose tolerance test results. Results: A glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 6.5% had a sensitivity and specificity of 87.2% and 98.5%, respectively, for detecting T2DM. The optimal HbA1c cutoff level for T2DM was >6.2% (94.7% sensitivity, 95.5% specificity). Conclusions: We observed that the use of an HbA1c level of 6.5% had a lower sensitivity for detecting T2DM than an HbA1c level of >6.2%.


2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
M. Sh. Shamkhalova ◽  
M. V. Shestakova

The rapid increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal pathology necessitates the revision of the presently adopted approaches to renal replacement therapy with a view of relieving the economic and financial burden imposed by the use of expensive therapeutic methods on the health budgets of the developed countries. The importance of achievement and maintenance of the target blood sugar levels for the prevention of the development and progression of renal lesions has been demonstrated in a series of large-scale clinical studies. Compensation of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism at the late stages of chronic renal disease in the patients presenting with diabetes mellitus encounters difficulties arising from the danger of hypoglycemia associated with the impairment of renal gluconeogenesis, cumulation of antiglycemic agents and their metabolites, decreased clinical significance of glycated hemoglobin levels under conditions of developing anemia and marked hyperglycemia. Discontentedness with the currently available means for the control of carbohydrate metabolism that fail to meet the up-to-date-requirements for the effectiveness and safety in a given clinical situation accounts for the ever increasing interest in the possibility of using innovative incretin-based medicines taking into account their pharmacological profile (they are known to change insulin secretion in response to variations in blood glucose levels, improve the function of beta-cells, have beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, and control body weight).


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Sierra-Puente D. ◽  
Abadi-Alfie S. ◽  
Arakanchi-Altaled K. ◽  
Bogard-Brondo M. ◽  
García-Lascurain M. ◽  
...  

Spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum Spp.) have been of interest due to their phytochemical composition that exert hypoglycemic effects with potential for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We summarize data from 27 manuscripts that include, one book chapter, 3 review articles, 10 randomized controlled trials, 4 systematic reviews with meta-analysis, and 9 preclinical studies. The most frequently used cinnamon variety was Cinnamomum cassia rather than the Cinnamomum zeylanicum, whereas outcomes were defined as fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and oral glucose tolerance test. A great variability in methodology such as different doses (from 120 mg to 6 g), duration of intervention, data retrieved and use of different concomitant medication, were found to be key aspects of most of trials and systematic reviews with meta-analysis available to date. Low quality studies have been made in most cases with a lot of heterogeneity clouding significance of results. More research needs to be done in order to yield accurate evidence for evidence-based recommendations. Its use is not currently a reliable nor advisable option for the treatment of T2DM.


Author(s):  
Indranila KS

Diabetes Melitus (DM) memerlukan pengendalian glikemia yang dapat diketahui dengan melakukan pemeriksaan hemoglobinterglikasi (HbA1c). Semakin tinggi kadar hemoglobin terglikasi (HbA1c), semakin tidak terkendali kadar gula darah pasien DM tipe2. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya proses hiperkoagulasi dan gangguan mikrovaskular maupun makrovaskular. PemeriksaanProtrombin Time (PT) dan Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) diharapkan dapat mendeteksi secara dini adanya gangguankoagulasi di pasien DM tipe 2. Penelitian potong lintang terhadap 72 orang pasien DM tipe 2 yang berusia diatas 18 tahun diperiksakadar HbA1c dan dikaji koagulasi (PT dan APTT). Pasien dengan penyakit penyerta seperti anemia dan kelainan hemoglobin, keganasanatau kelainan hematologis, pasca bedah, hipertiroid, perempuan hamil, riwayat penyakit hati dan pasien yang mengkonsumsi obatobatanyang mengganggu fungsi koagulasi dikeluarkan dari penelitian ini. Uji normalitas data menggunakan Kolmogorov-Smirnovdan analisis hubungan menggunakan uji Pearson. Analisis kenasaban terdapat hubungan antara kadar hemoglobin terglikasi denganProthrombin Time negatif lemah (r= -0,179; p=0,132) dan dengan Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time positif sangat lemah (r=0,016;p=0,892). Berdasarkan telitian ini terdapat hubungan negatif lemah yang bermakna antara kadar hemoglobin terglikasi dengan PTdan hubungan positif sangat lemah yang tidak bermakna dengan Activated Partial Thomboplastin Time.


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