The formation and evolution of the solar system

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-87
Author(s):  
Türkanə Mirzəli qızı Əliyeva ◽  
◽  
Vəfa Əjdər qızı Qafarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
T Tauri ◽  
Dwarf Planets ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Red Giant ◽  
Planet X

The article provides extensive information on the formation, evolution and structure of the solar system. It also discusses the planets of the solar system and the dwarf planets. Its noted that the Kuiper objects are the celestial bodies which belongs to the solar system. NASA's New Horizons spacecraft is currently helps studying four objects in the Kuiper belt. There is also talked about TTauri type stars. The article discusses the future transformation of the Sun from a Red Giant to a White Dwarf. Key words: Kuiper Belt, T Tauri Star, Dwarf Planets, Planet X

scholarly journals The solar nebula origin of (486958) Arrokoth, a primordial contact binary in the Kuiper Belt

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6481) ◽  
pp. eaay6620 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McKinnon ◽  
D. C. Richardson ◽  
J. C. Marohnic ◽  
J. T. Keane ◽  
W. M. Grundy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Kuiper Belt Object ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Contact Binary ◽  
Collapsing Cloud ◽  
Gas Drag

The New Horizons spacecraft’s encounter with the cold classical Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU69) revealed a contact-binary planetesimal. We investigated how Arrokoth formed and found that it is the product of a gentle, low-speed merger in the early Solar System. Its two lenticular lobes suggest low-velocity accumulation of numerous smaller planetesimals within a gravitationally collapsing cloud of solid particles. The geometric alignment of the lobes indicates that they were a co-orbiting binary that experienced angular momentum loss and subsequent merger, possibly because of dynamical friction and collisions within the cloud or later gas drag. Arrokoth’s contact-binary shape was preserved by the benign dynamical and collisional environment of the cold classical Kuiper Belt and therefore informs the accretion processes that operated in the early Solar System.

scholarly journals The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6481) ◽  
pp. eaay3999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Spencer ◽  
S. A. Stern ◽  
J. M. Moore ◽  
H. A. Weaver ◽  
K. N. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Solar System Formation ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Kuiper Belt Object ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Contact Binary

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, is composed of primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. In January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36-kilometer-long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU69). Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters in diameter) within a radius of 8000 kilometers. Arrokoth has a lightly cratered, smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism.

scholarly journals Pluto’s and Charon’s Craters Reveal a Solar System Deficit

Eos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Kornei
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
New Horizons

The New Horizons spacecraft recorded images of craters that imply an unexpected dearth of small objects in the Kuiper Belt.

A re-assessment of the Kuiper belt size distribution for sub-kilometer objects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Morbidelli ◽  
David Nesvorny ◽  
William Bottke ◽  
Simone Marchi
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Impact

<p>In this work we combine several constraints provided by the crater records on Arrokoth and the worlds of the Pluto system to compute the size-frequency distribution (SFD) of the crater production function for craters with diameter D≤ 10km. For this purpose, we use a Kuiper belt objects (KBO) population model calibrated on telescopic surveys, that describes also the evolution of the KBO population during the early Solar System. We further calibrate this model using the crater record on Pluto, Charon and Nix.  Using this model, we compute the impact probability of bodies with diameter d>2km on Arrokoth, integrated over the age of the Solar System, that we compare with the corresponding impact probability on Charon. Our result, together with the observed density of sub-km craters on Arrokoth's imaged surface, constrains the power law slope of the crater production function. Other constraints come from the absence of craters with 1<D<7km on Arrokoth, the existence of a single crater with D>7km and the relationship between the spatial density of sub-km craters on Arrokoth and of D ~ 20km craters on Charon. Together, these data suggest the crater production function on these worlds has a cumulative power law slope of -1.5<q<-1.2. Converted into a projectile SFD slope, we find -1.2<q<sub>KBO</sub><-1.0. These values are close to the cumulative slope of main belt asteroids in the 0.2-2km range, a population in collisional equilibrium (Bottke et al. 2020). For KBOs, however, this slope appears to extend down to objects a few tens of meters in diameter, as inferred from sub-km craters on Arrokoth. From the measurement of the dust density in the Kuiper belt made by the New Horizons mission, we predict that the SFD of the KBOs become steep again below approximately 30m. All these considerations strongly indicate that the size distribution of the KBO population is in collisional equilibrium.</p>

scholarly journals Organic Components of Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System: Some Results of the New Horizons Mission

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Dale P. Cruikshank ◽  
Yvonne J. Pendleton ◽  
William M. Grundy
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Orange Pigment ◽  
Kuiper Belt Object ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Complex Organic

The close encounters of the Pluto–Charon system and the Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth (formerly 2014 MU69) by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft in 2015 and 2019, respectively, have given new perspectives on the most distant planetary bodies yet explored. These bodies are key indicators of the composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the outer regions of the Solar System’s nascent environment. Pluto and Charon reveal characteristics of the largest Kuiper Belt objects formed in the dynamically evolving solar nebula inward of ~30 AU, while the much smaller Arrokoth is a largely undisturbed relic of accretion at ~45 AU. The surfaces of Pluto and Charon are covered with volatile and refractory ices and organic components, and have been shaped by geological activity. On Pluto, N2, CO and CH4 are exchanged between the atmosphere and surface as gaseous and condensed phases on diurnal, seasonal and longer timescales, while Charon’s surface is primarily inert H2O ice with an ammoniated component and a polar region colored with a macromolecular organic deposit. Arrokoth is revealed as a fused binary body in a relatively benign space environment where it originated and has remained for the age of the Solar System. Its surface is a mix of CH3OH ice, a red-orange pigment of presumed complex organic material, and possibly other undetected components.

The formation and evolution of the Solar System

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
THÉRÈSE ENCRENAZ
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Silicate Material ◽  
Surface Information ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Main Components

Astronomers have built the main components of a scenario for the formation of the Solar System. Small planetary bodies accreted others by collisions within a rotating protoplanetary disk that formed at the same time as the Sun. While terrestrial planets near the warming Sun could accumulate only solid metallic and silicate material, the giant planets formed from ice and gas at lower temperatures. Each planet and satellite then followed its own specific evolution, depending upon the properties of its atmosphere and/or surface. Information about the origin and evolution of the Solar System is also provided by the comets, which can be considered as frozen fossils of the Solar System's early stages. On the borders of the outer Solar System, beyond the orbit of Neptune, the newly discovered Edgeworth–Kuiper belt is probably the reservoir where short-period comets are formed.

scholarly journals Comet composition and Lab

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29A) ◽  
pp. 227-227
Author(s):  
Dominique Bockelée-Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Small Worlds ◽  
Icy Satellites ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Dwarf Planets ◽  
Cassini Mission ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
Comet 67P

The XXIX IAU General Assembly took place during the golden year of the exploration of small solar system bodies. With the Rosetta ESA mission around comet 67P, NASA Dawn and New Horizons missions nearby dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto, respectively, and the NASA/Cassini mission in Saturn neighborhood, year 2015 marked an important step towards further understanding of small solar system bodies. On August 11-13, Focus meeting 9 "Highlights in the exploration of small worlds" gathered scientists of all over the world to present and discuss the spectacular results obtained from these missions, as well as recent achievements obtained from past missions, comprehensive spectroscopic surveys from space (e.g., Herschel, NEOWISE, Gaia), ground-based observations, and geochemical analyses. This meeting was also the opportunity to discuss the state of our understanding of the nature of the various populations of small bodies in the Solar System, including icy satellites, in a cosmo-chemistry perspective.

scholarly journals New Horizons Spacecraft to Reach Farthest Body in Solar System Yet

Eos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenessa Duncombe
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Kuiper Belt ◽  
Kuiper Belt Object ◽  
New Horizons

The flyby of Ultima Thule on New Year’s Day will give us our first glimpse of a mysterious Kuiper Belt object.

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