scholarly journals HISTORICAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED MANKIND

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Adrian IOANA ◽  
Daniela TUFEANU ◽  
Dragos Florin MARCU ◽  
Bogdan FLOREA ◽  
Bianca Cezarina ENE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Greek Mathematician ◽  
New Form ◽  
The University ◽  
Made In

This article presents discoveries and inventions from different periods of mankind, which played an important role in social and technological evolution. Thus, from the period of the Ancient World (prehistory - 400 AD), we present: the appearance of stone tools (which occurred in East Africa and belongs to the first hominids); pottery (appeared in 10500 BC); the development of metallurgy (began in the Middle East, around 6500 BC); the invention of the ox-drawn plow (which occurred around 4000 BC); the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt (2600 BC); the development of iron processing (as part of the development of metallurgy, it occurred around 1400 BC); modernization of papermaking technology (attributed to Tsai Lun, China, around 105 AD); Another historical period that we analyzed in terms of discoveries and innovations that revolutionized humanity was the Middle Ages (400 - 1500). Thus, from this period we presented the following discoveries and inventions: the discovery of the number zero (occurred in 520 and belongs to Indian mathematicians); woodcut printing (appeared in sixth century China); the first printed newspaper (year 700); the development of algebra (it belongs to the Greek mathematician Diophantos, 3rd century AD); gunpowder (it was discovered around 850); the establishment of the University of Bologna (made in 1088); The last period approached was the current one. From this period we presented the following discoveries: magnetism - a new form of electricity; devices controlled only by hand gestures.

THE FACES OF UNIVERSITY SPAIN IN THE STROGANOV LIBRARY: SPANISH HUMANIST HERNANDO NÚÑEZ DE GUZMÁN

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
Olga A. Zheravina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The University

The Spanish collection of the Stroganov Library reveals Spain as a country with a rich cultural heritage. The last owner of the family library, G.A. Stroganov, was the Russian ambassador to Spain, and his interest in Spanish subjects was reflected in the book collection. One of the most valuable publications is a series of engraved portraits of outstanding Spaniards, published from 1791 to 1819. As a cultural time-specific project of the Enlightenment era, this series reveals the value priorities of Spanish society, which allows us to understand its socio-cultural guidelines over a long historical period. An impressive share of the persons selected by the Spaniards among their outstanding representatives belongs to university figures. This speaks not only about the influence of the Age of Enlightenment, but also about the rich history of university tradition in Spain. The subject of our study is the figure of the Spanish humanist H. Núñez de Guzman (1475-1553). In his youth, he studied with Nebrija. In the College of St. Clement in Bologna he started studying the culture of classical Greece. After returning to Spain, he studied Hebrew and Arabic in Granada. He was invited by Cisneros to the University of Alcala to work on a project to create a multilingual Bible. At this university, which became an important center of Spanish humanism, he taught rhetoric and Greek. In 1524, he received a chair of Greek at the University of Salamanca, where he also taught Latin, rhetoric, and lectured on the "Natural History" of Pliny. In Salamanca, Núñez published commentaries on the works of Seneca (1529), Mela (1543) and Pliny (1544); he prepared a collection of proverbs in the Castilian language, which was published in 1555. A deep connoisseur of Latin and Greek, Núñez is considered the patriarch of the Spanish Hellenists. They were a cohort of humanists who, on Spanish soil, combined in their worldview the features of the outgoing Middle Ages and the ideas of the Renaissance. Núñez played a significant role in the development of the Greek language as a subject of study in Spanish universities. The Greek language, the knowledge of which nourished and developed humanistic upbringing and education, gets its spread in Spain during the life and activity of Núñez. In the series of portraits of outstanding Spaniards, the portrait of Núñez is placed in the fourteenth notebook, published in 1802.The engraved portrait is made by Esquivel according to the drawing of Engidanos. Núñez is depicted sitting in nature with an open book in his hands. In the biography attached to the portrait, it is noted that "few have more reason to be included in the list of outstanding people than Fernando Núñez de Guzman. His character, his erudition and behavior are an example of the highest honor." Núñez donated his valuable collection of books in Latin and Greek to the University of Salamanca. Núñez remains interesting for researchers today. The image and selfless devotion of the erudite continue to evoke deep respect, and the legacy left – gratitude.

scholarly journals Dr. Aziz Suryal Atiya and the Establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Utah

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Leonard C. Chiarelli ◽  
Mohammad Mirfakhrai
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Science Research ◽  
University Of Utah ◽  
Middle Eastern Studies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The University

Aziz Suryal Atiya was an Egyptian Coptic Studies expert, historian and orientalist specializing in the study of the Crusades era. He published several important books, including primarily The Crusades in the Later Middle Ages (1938). He contributed to the creation of the Institute of Coptic Studies in Cairo in the 1950s. He was also the originator and founder of the Middle East Center at the University of Utah, which today is one of the most important centers of wide science research on the Middle East. This article discusses the background and circumstances of the establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies, both at the Univer­sity of Utah, which is the fifth largest institution of its kind in North America.

The Teaching of Corpus Languages in Higher Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Vega María García González
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Linguistic Group ◽  
Liturgical Language ◽  
The University ◽  
The Middle Ages

Late Eastern Aramaic (Syriac) is one of the main languages of the Aramaic linguistic group. During the Middle Ages, it became the liturgical language of the Christian communities that arose in the Near and Middle East. Its scholars wrote a large amount of literature and implemented a movement for the translation of Greek theological and scientific works. The extent of Arabic after the Muslim conquest led to the gradual disuse of Late Eastern Aramaic. However, today it still remains a communication and liturgical language in several churches. The aim of this chapter is to offer an overview of Late Eastern Aramaic (Syriac) language teaching at the University of Salamanca, including a summary of the learning goals and a description of the approach and method followed. It is preceded by a brief introduction to the tradition of the studies about this language.

First record of Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Blanford, 1877) from Iraq

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soran A. Ahmed ◽  
Omar F. Al-Sheikhly
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Africa ◽  
First Record ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Blanford's Fox ◽  
Made In

Abstract The Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Blanford, 1877) is an enigmatic carnivore of Asia and East Africa with sporadic and disjunct distribution in the Middle East. It was suspected to occur in western Iraq, but no confirmed records have been made. In October 2020, the first confirmed occurrence of Blanford’s Fox was made during a camera-trap survey in Xoshk Mountain in northern Iraq (Kurdistan) and is described in this account.

Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia – botanical, ethnobotanical and commercial observations made in Yemen 1762–1763

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
I. Friis
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Made In

In spite of widespread consumption of coffee in Europe at the time of the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia 1761–1767, little was known of the cultivation of coffee in Yemen and of the Arabian coffee export to Europe. Fresh leaves of qat were used as a stimulant on the Arabian Peninsula and in East Africa, but before the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia this plant was known in Europe only from secondary reports. Two members of the expedition, Carsten Niebuhr and Peter Forsskål, pioneered studies of coffee and qat in Yemen and of the Arabian coffee export. Linnaeus' instructions for travellers requested observations on the use of coffee, but otherwise Forsskål and Niebuhr's studies of coffee and qat were made entirely on their own initiative. Now, 250 years after The Royal Danish expedition to Arabia, coffee has become one of the world's most valuable trade commodities and qat has become a widely used and banned drug.

The Making of the Medieval Middle East

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. This book argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called “the simple” in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history. What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, the book provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East. The book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.

scholarly journals Professor George Archibald Grant Mitchell (1906–1993): his work with penicillin during World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 096777202110121
Author(s):  
Peter D Mohr ◽  
Stephanie Seville
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War ◽  
Army Medical ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Penicillin Therapy ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Manchester

George Archibald Grant Mitchell, OBE, TD, MB, ChB, ChM, MSc, DSc, FRCS (1906–1993) was a professor of anatomy at the University of Manchester from 1946 to 1973. He is mainly remembered for his research in neuroanatomy, especially of the autonomic nervous system. He studied medicine at the Aberdeen University, and after qualifying in 1929 he held posts in surgery and anatomy and worked as a surgeon in the Highlands. In 1939, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was based in Egypt and the Middle East, where he carried out trials of sulphonamides and penicillin on wounded soldiers; in 1943, he returned to England as Adviser in Penicillin Therapy for 21 Army Group, preparing for the invasion of Europe.

Quel corpus pour l’étude du dialecte niçois ?

2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Philippe Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Descriptive Grammar ◽  
Written Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

Abstract A new project has just been launched to write a synchronic, descriptive grammar of Niçois, the Occitan dialect of Nice. In this article, I define the corpus of the research. To do so, I first review written production from the Middle Ages to the present. I then analyze the linguistic features of Niçois over time, in order to determine the precise starting point of the current language state. But because of reinforced normativism and the decreasing social use of Niçois among the educated population, written language after WWII became artificial and does not really correspond to recordings made in the field. The corpus will thus be composed of writings from the 1820’s to WWII and recordings from the last few decades.

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